antehac 

  before this

audeō, -ēre, ausus sum 

  to dare

bibō, -ere, bibī 

  to drink

mollis, mollis 

  soft

pēs, pedis  m 

  foot

saevus, -a, -um 

  savage, cruel

sodalis, sodalis   m or f 

  friend, companion

superbus, -a, -um 

  proud

scilicet 

  certainly, clearly

tellus, -ūs  f 

  earth, ground

velut 

  just as

expavescō, -ere, expavī 

  to fear greatly, dread

iaceō, -ēre, iacuī 

  to lie down, be prostrate

ignis, ingnis  m 

  fire

impotēns, impotentis 

  crazy, unable to stop or control oneself

mors, mortis  f 

  death

mens, mentis  f 

  mind

tempus, -ōris  n 

  time

vix 

  scarcely

vultus, -ūs  m 

  face

fatālis, -e 

  deadly

ruina, -ae  f 

  destruction

serpens, serpentis  f 

  snake

acūtus, -am –um 

 sharp, keen, acute

altus, -a, -um 

  high, deep

campus, -ī  m 

  field

crās 

  tomorrow

dies, dieī,  m 

  day

dulcis, -e   

  sweet

hora, -ae  f 

  hour, time

permittō, -ere, permīsī, permissum 

  to allow, permit

stō, stare, stetī, statum 

  to stand

ventus, -ī  m 

  wind

donec 

  up to the time when , until; so long as, while

flūmen, flūminis  n 

  river

focus, -ī  m 

  hearth (the center of the home); home

Fors, Fortis  f 

  fate (personified)

frigus, frigōris  n 

  cold

lēnis, -e 

  smooth, mild, gentle

lignum, -ī  m 

  wood

onus, oneris  n 

  burden

vetus, veteris 

  old

ponō, -ere, posuī, positum 

  to place

ad + ponō 

  apponō

re + ponō 

  reponō

asper, -era, -erum 

  rough, harsh, severe, wild

fides, eī,  f 

  faith, trust

flavus, -a, -um 

  blond, fair

fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum 

  to weep, drip, trickle

gracilis, -e 

  graceful

imperō,  -āre, -āvī, -ātum  + dat. 

  to command

nescius, -a, -um 

  unknowing, unaware

pariēs, pariētis,  m 

  wall (of a house)

pareō, -ēre, paruī + dat. 

  to be obedient to, obey

placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum  + dat. 

  to be pleasing to

potēns, potentis 

  powerful

quotiens 

  how often, how many times

serviō, -īre, servīvī, servitum + dat. 

  to be a slave to; serve

spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum 

  look for, expect, hope for

studeō, -ēre, studuī + dative 

  to direct one’s zeal to, be eager for, study

urgeō, ēre, ursī 

  to push, press, drive, urge

vacuus, -a, -um 

  empty, void, at leisure, vain

vestīmentum, -ī  n 

  clothing (usually plural)

acerbus, -a, -um 

  bitter

aspiciō, -ere, aspexī, aspectum 

  to look at

beatus, -a, -um 

  blessed

culpa, -ae  f 

  fault, blame, infidelity

dulcis, -e 

  sweet

fās (indecl.) 

  what is permissible or right under natural or divine law

fateor, fatērī, fassus sum 

  to confess, admit

hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum 

  to urge

identidem 

  again and again

loquor, loquī, locūtus sum

  to say, speak, tell

lūmen, lūminis  n 

  light, (pl. eyes)

nimium 

  too much

officium, ī  n 

  duty

oportet, oportēre, oportuit (+ inf.) 

  it is necessary, one ought

ōtium, ī  n 

  freedom from responsibility

pār, pāris  (m/f)

  equal to, alike, a match

patior, patī, passus sum 

  to suffer, endure, permit

petō, -ere, petīvī, petitum 

 to seek, ask, demand, strive for

prius 

  before, previously

rideō, -ēre, rīsi, rīsum 

  to laugh, smile, look cheerful

sedeō, -ēre, sēdi. sessum 

  to sit

sequor, sequī, secutus sum 

  to follow

sonitus, ūs  m 

  sound, noise

superō , -āre, āvī, ātum 

  to surpass

tālis, -e 

  such, of such a sort

tegō, -ere. tēxī, tēctum 

  to cover

tenuis, -e 

  fine, thin

ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum 

  to use, enjoy, experience

ventus, -ī  m 

  wind

alloquor (adloquor), -ī, allocutus sum  

  to speak to or with someone

auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum 

  to carry away

dōnō, -āre, -āvi, -ātum 

  to give

fortūna, -ae f 

  fortune, fate, chance

gēns, gentis  f 

 clan, stock, people, tribe, nation

indignus, -a, -um 

  not worthy or deserving of (something good or bad)

indignē

  underservedly

intereā 

  for the moment; meanwhile

loquor, -ī, locutus sum 

  to speak  (deponent)

mōs, mōris m 

  custom, usage, tradition; will, inclination

multum  (adv.) 

  much, abundantly

mūnus, mūneris  n 

  gift

mūtus, -a, -um 

  mute

nēquīquam 

  in vain

postrēmus, -a, -um 

  the last, worst, hindmost (superlative of posterus, “following”)

prīscus, -a, -um 

  ancient, old

trādō, -ere, trādidi, trāditum 

  to hand over, to hand down

vehō, -ere, vexī, vectum 

 to be carried

ācer, ācris, ācre 

  sharp, revealing

doleō, -ere, doluī, dolitūrum 

  to grieve, suffer, hurt, give pain

foedus, -eris  n 

  treaty, agreement, accord

invideō, -ēre, -vīdī, -vīsum 

  to envy

meminī, meminisse 

  to remember

obliviscor, -ī, oblītus sum (plus genitive d.o.)

  to forget

obloquor, -loquī, locutus sum 

  to speak against, interrupt, contradict, answer back

sānus, -a, -um 

  sound, healthy, uninjured, rational, sane

sentiō, -īre, sensi, sensum 

  to feel perceive, understand, realize

tantum … quantum 

  as much as …

ūrō, -ere, ussī, ustum 

  to burn

vīnum, -ī  n 

  wine

amor, amōris 

  love

ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum 

  to bear, carry, bring, suffer, endure

īrātus, -a, -um 

  angry

nihil (indecl.) 

  nothing

nōster, nōstra, nōstrum 

  our

nūllus, -a, -um 

  no

nunc 

  now

pars. partis  f 

  part

quantum 

  how great (?)

rēs, reī 

  thing, object, matter, affair

ūsque 

  all the way to, continually, always

vērus, -a, -um 

  true

adeō, -īre, adiī, aditum 

  to approach, to visit

bellus, -a, -um 

  beautiful, handsome

desinō, -ere, desiī, desītum 

  to stop, cease

doleō, -ēre, doluī 

  to suffer

dūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum

 to become hard

fatum, -ī  n 

  fate

fiō, fierī, factus sum 

 to be made, to happen …

impotēns, impotentis 

  lacking self-control, powerless, headstrong

invītus, -a, -um 

  unwilling

mens, mentis  f 

 mind

miser, misera, miserum 

 unhappy, miserable, wretched

mordeō, -ēre, momordi, morsum 

 to bite

nobis (dat. or abl.) 

  (to) us

nosco, -ere, novi, notum 

  to know

obdūrō,- āre, -āvī, -ātum 

  to hold out, to become inured to or resolved against 

opera, -ae  f 

 pains, trouble, exertion

mea opera 

  “thanks to me”

requīrō, -ere, requīsīvī, requīsītum 

  to seek after, to look for again

perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum 

  to destroy, ruin, lose

pereō, -īre, periī, peritum 

  to perish, be lost

quaerō, -ere, quaesīvī, quaesītum 

  to look for

quondam 

 formerly, once; sometime(s)

quō 

  to where

quidem (postpositive) 

  indeed, certainly, even

respondeō, -ere, respondī, responsum 

  to answer

se 

  him- or her- self, themselves

sīdus, sīderis  n 

  star, constellation

tam

 so, to such a degree

tam … quam  

  as … as

tenebrae, -arum  f. pl. 

  darkness, night, blindness, obscurity

tuus, tua, tuum 

  your

unde 

  from where

usque 

  always, continually, through and through

volō, velle, voluī 

  to wish, to want

assiduē 

  continually, all the time

dīligō, -ere, dīlēxī, dīlēctum 

  to esteem, cherish, love

dummodo 

  provided that, so long as

etsī 

  even if

exercitus, -ūs  m 

  army

levis, -e 

  light, of little worth, fickle, contemptible

mālō, mālle, māluī 

  to prefer, to want (something) more

nisi 

 if … not

nōlō, nōlle, nōluī 

  to not … wish; to be unwilling, to refuse

potis, -e 

 possible

prae + abl. 

  instead of, before

praebeō, -ēre, praebuī, praebitum 

  to offer, provide

quondam 

  in the past, formerly, once

signum, -ī  n 

 sign, indication

taceō, -ēre, tacuī, tacitum 

  to be silent

tālis, -e 

  such, of this kind

vīlis, -e 

  cheap, common

volō, velle, voluī 

  to be willing, wish, want, maintain that

vulgus, -eris 

  the common crowd

adeō, -īre, adiī, aditum 

  to approach, to visit

desinō, -ere, desiī, desītum 

  to stop, cease

doleō, -ēre, doluī 

  to suffer

dūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum

 to become hard

fatum, -ī  n 

  fate

impotēns, impotentis 

  lacking self-control, powerless, headstrong

invītus, -a, -um 

  unwilling

mens, mentis  f 

 mind

miser, misera, miserum 

 unhappy, miserable, wretched

mordeō, -ēre, momordi, morsum 

 to bite

obdūrō,- āre, -āvī, -ātum 

  to hold out, to become inured to or resolved against 

requīrō, -ere, requīsīvī, requīsītum 

  to seek after, to look for again

perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum 

  to destroy, ruin, lose

pereō, -īre, periī, peritum 

  to perish, be lost

quaerō, -ere, quaesīvī, quaesītum 

  to look for

quondam 

 formerly, once; sometime(s)

quō 

  to where

quidem (postpositive) 

  indeed, certainly, even

respondeō, -ere, respondī, responsum 

  to answer

sīdus, sīderis  n 

  star, constellation

tam

 so, to such a degree

Focus words:

fiō, fierī, factus sum 

 to be made, to happen …

volō, velle, voluī 

  to wish, to want

bellus, -a, -um 

  beautiful, handsome

nobis (dat. or abl.) 

  (to) us

nosco, -ere, novi, notum 

  to know

opera, -ae  f 

 pains, trouble, exertion

mea opera 

  “thanks to me”

se 

  him- or her- self, themselves

tam … quam  

  as … as

tenebrae, -arum  f. pl. 

  darkness, night, blindness, obscurity

tuus, tua, tuum 

  your

unde 

  from where

usque 

  always, continually, through and through

vobis (dat. or abl. 

  (to) you

ācer, ācris, -e 

  bitter

cārus, -a –um  

  dear

crēdō, -ere, crēdidī, crēditum  + dative 

  to believe

cūra, -ae  f 

  a care or concern

dēliciae, -ārum  f pl 

  pet, darling

gravis, grave 

 serious, heavy

incitō, -āre, -āvi, ātum 

  to provoke, incite

lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsum 

  to play

meus, -a, -um 

  my

soleō, solēre, solitus sum 

  to be accustomed

teneō, -ēre, tenuī, tentum 

  to hold

tristis, -e 

  sad, grim

Focus words:

libet, libēre, libuit  + dative  

  “it pleases”

nesciō, -īre, -iī, -ītum 

 to not know 

nesciō + infinitive

 to not be able to [do]

nesciō quis/quid 

  someone, something

atque (also ac) 

 and also

at

 but

aut; aut … aut 

 or, or else; either … or

brevis, -e 

  brief

centum 

  a hundred

deinde (also dein) 

  then

luc, lucis  f 

  light

mille 

  a thousand

ne 

  so that … not

occido, -ere, occidi, occasum 

  to set

occido, -ere, occidi, occisum 

  to kill

scio, -ire, scii, scitum 

  to know

senex 

  an old man

sol, solis  m 

  sun

tantus, tanta, tantum 

  such a great …

usque 

  as far as (also: through and through, always)

artificium, -i  n 

 craft

coniugium, -i  n 

 marriage

discedo, -ere, discessi, discessum 

 to go away

dives, divitis 

  rich (here divites plural means “riches”)

epulum, -i  n 

 a feast

formosus, -a, -um 

 beautiful

fortis, -e 

 brave, strong

ianua, -ae  f 

  door

mulier, mulieris  f 

 a woman

nec, neque 

 and not or and … not

nec…nec and neque … neque 

 neither … nor

orior, oriri, ortus sum 

  to arise

praesto, praestare, praestiti praestatum

 to surpass

regno, -are, -avi, -atum 

 to rule

vindico, -are, -avi, -atum 

 claim, assume appropriate, liberate (here it has the sense of, “Claim [as the most worthy]”)

aliquis, aliquid

 someone, something

ara, -ae  f 

 altar

ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum 

 to burn

educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum 

 to bring up, “educate”

exitium, -ii, n 

 destruction (can also mean “departure”)

fio, fieri, factus sum 

 to happen

gladius, -i m 

 sword

plus, pluris (neuter singular)

 “more” (from multus, -a, -um)

persequor, -i, persecutus sum 

 to follow insistently

quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitum

 to seek, to ask

quo 

 to where

inquaero, -ere, inquaesivi, inquaesitum

 to inquire or ask insistently

sive … sive (seu … seu)

 whether … or

adeo 

  to the point where …

adficio (afficio), afficere, affeci, affectum

 to affect

apud 

 near, by, with; apud me, “at my house”

ater, atra, atrum 

 black

candidus, -a, -um 

 white

civitas, civitatis,  f 

 city

egredior, egredi, egressus sum

 to leave

fides, fidei  f 

 trust, faith

instituo, -ere, institui, institutum

 to establish

liberi, -orum  m. pl. 

 children

monstro, -are, -avi, -atum

 to show, demonstrate

quantus, -a, -um 

 how great a …

polliceor, -ere, pollicitus sum (deponent) 

 to promise

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum 

 to betray (can also mean, to put forward, publish)

pugna, -ae  f 

 battle

verto, -ere, verti, versum 

 to turn

reverto

 to return or turn back

vinco, -ere, vici, victum 

 to conquer

volvo, -ere, volvi, volutum 

 to turn

revolvo

 to wind

aequo, -are, -avi, -atum 

 to equal

cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum 

 to force

gradior, gradi, gressus sum (deponent) 

 to travel

egredior, eggredi, eggressus sum 

  to set out

iacio, -ere, ieci, iactum 

  to throw

deiecio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum 

  to throw down.

interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum 

  to kill

lectus, -i  m 

 bed

par, paris (m, f, n)

  equal

pereo, perire, perii, peritum  (from eo, -ire) 

 to die, perish

pono, -ere, posui, positum 

 to place

propono 

to put out, to offer

suppono

to place under

prendo, -ere,prendi, prensum 

  to take

usque

 all the way, continuously, through and through

usque dum 

 until (the point when)

vis, viris

 stength, power.

aetas, aetatis  m 

age

concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum + dative 

  to concede, give over

domus, -us or –i,  f 

 home

ensis, ensis, m 

 sword

fore 

actually a form of sum, used as perfect subjunctive and future infinitive

occido, -ere, occidi, occisum 

  to kill

ostendo, -ere, ostendi, ostentum 

  to show

pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum 

  to arrive

pono, -ere, posui, positum 

 to place, put

praecipio, -ere, -ceptus, -ceptum + dative

 to command

proficiscor, -i, profectus sum 

 to set forth

redeo, redire, redii, reditum 

 to go back

rus, ruris, n 

 the country

cedo, -ere, cessi, cessum  

I fail, I give up, I go

            praecedo   

I go before

coniunx, coniugis  m/f  

spouse (husband or wife)

corpus, corporis, n  

body

fatum, -i  n  

fate

fidus, -a, -um  

faithful

idem, eadem, idem 

the very one, the same

ipse, ipsa, ipsum 

himself, herself, itself (etc

)

libertus, -i  m and liberta, -ae  f  

freedman / freedwoman

            conlibertus/-a 

fellow freedman/woman

meus, -a, -um  

my

nescius, -a, -um  

unknown to (+ genitive)

officium, -ii  n  

duty

omnis, -e  

all, every

parens, parentis, m/f  

parent

parilis, parilis, parile  

equal

potior, potiri, potitum  

I get, obtain, receive

studium, -ii, n  

affection, love

vir, viri  m  

man, husband

vivo, -ere, vixi  

I live

vulgus, -i  m 

the common crowd

alter, altera, alterum 

one/ the other (of two)

commodus, -a, -um  

proper, agreeable

cor, cordis  n  

heart, soul, spirit

creo, -are, creavi, creatum 

to create, bring forth

dico, -ere, dixi, dictum  

I say

diligo, -ere, dilexi, dilectum  

I love, esteem, prize

domus, -us  or –i  f  

home

hospes, hospitis m/f  

traveler, guest

lepidus, -a, -um 

pleasant

linquo, -ere, liqui 

I leave behind

nomen, nominis  n  

name

perlego, -ere, -legi, -lectum  

I read through

lego, -ere, legi, lectum  

I read

paulum, -i  n  

a little thing, a trifle

sepulcrum, -i  n  

tomb

sermo, semonis  m 

speech, manner of talking

servo, -are, -avi, -atum  

preserve, protect, save

tum autem 

but also, in addition