Latin 102
Review Materials

noun and adjective endings

Noun Endings

I. Noun endings: first and second declension: 
What the chart shows you:

• singular and plural forms (so you know how many you're dealing with)
• the role of the word in the sentence so you know who is doing the action, which words are part of a prepositional phrase, what the direct object is, etc.

Key information you need to use the chart:

• dictionary form, which tells you which pattern you use:
  • terra, -ae  f (first declension endings)
  • hortus, hortï  m (second masc.)
  • forum -ï  n  (second neuter)
  • magnus, -a, -um  (first for describing  feminine words, second m. for masculine words, second n. for neuter words)

First and second declension words

First, Second and Third Declension endings

2-1-2 Adjectives   The only difference between this chart and the noun endings chart, is the layout.  A pain, but traditional.

2-1-2 Adjectives: Endings only

2-1-2 adjectives, sample word: longus, -a, -um, long

Third Declension Nouns and Adjectives

Endings only

Third Declension: sample words

• nound: mens, mentis  f  mind    and corpus, corporis  body
• i-stem nouns: urbs, urbis f city   and mare, maris n ocean 
• third declension adjective: brevis, breve brief

Paradigm of is, ea, id   Note that this chart is mostly like first and second declension charts.  The exceptions are marked with an asterisk.  The big exceptions are the genitive and dative singular.

*males would be "he" or "him," masculine things would be "it":

• Lucius ad ianuam ambulat; eum video.  Lucius is walking to the door; I see him.
• stilus in mensa est; eum video.  The pen is on the table, I see it.

Paradigm of ille, illa, illud   Note that this chart is mostly like first and second declension charts.  The exceptions are marked with an asterisk.  The big exceptions are the genitive and dative singular.  Also note: the exceptions are in exactly the same place as is, ea, id.

Paradigm of hic, haec, hoc 

Relative and Interrogative pronouns

Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain

The Relative Pronoun

Forms

• Meaning: who, which, whom, whose, to whom (depending on gender and case)
  • ille est vir qui me iuvit  He is the man who helped me.
  • ille est vir quem puellae iuverunt.  He is the man whom the girls helped.
• Clauses: they begin clauses that have their own verb.
  • ille est vir (qui me iuvit). He is the man (who helped me).
  • ille est vir (quem puellae iuverunt).  He is the man whom the girls helped.
  • puellae virum (quem iuverunt) amant. The girls love the man whom they helped.
• Agreement: the relative pronoun agrees with the noun it substitutes for (the antecedent) in gender and number.
• Case: the relative pronoun takes the case required by its clause.

·         English: The man whom I saw is a good friend.

·         Latin: vir quem vidi est bonus amicus.  quem agrees with the antecedent, vir, in gender (masculine) and number (singular).  It is accusative because in its clause it is the direct object.

Antecedent:

can be any gender, number or case

• Nominative:    puerī (quī dīligenter labōrābant) nunc doctī sunt. The boys (who worked hard) are now educated.
• Genitive: amīcī puerōrum (quī dīligenter labōrābant) saepe eōs laudant.  The friends of the boys (who worked hard) often praise them.
• Dative: puerīs (quī dīligenter labōrābant) dona damus.  We give gifts to the boys (who worked hard).
• Accusative: puerōs (quī dīligenter labōrābant) laudāvimus.  We praised the boys (who worked hard).
• Ablative: cum puerīs (quī dīligenter labōrābant) manēmus.  We are staying with the boys (who worked hard).

Relative pronoun in clauses:

the relative pronoun is whatever case its clause requires and agrees with its antecedent in gender and number

• Nominative: māter (quae mē amat) est bona fēmina.  The mother (who loves me) is a good woman.
• Genitive: māter (cuius fīlium amō) est bona fēmina. The mother (whose son I love) is a good woman.
• Dative: māter (cui dona dabāmus) est bona fēmina. The mother (to whom we gave gifts) is a good woman.
• Accusative: māter (quam amāmus) est bona fēmina.  The mother (whom I love) is a good woman.
• Ablative: māter (sine quā vivere nōn possum) est bona fēmina. The mother (without whom I cannot live) is a good woman.

Examples from Latin Praxis site: (for translations go here)

Nominative antecedents:

1. Puer (quī cecidit) frāter meus est.
2. Puer (cuius pater crās veniet) nōn valet.
3. Puer (cui librum dedī) tē vocat.
4. Puer (quem puellae vītant) stultus est.
5. Puer (ā quô illae currunt) ibi stat.

Genitive antecedents:

1. Ibi est dōnum puerī (quī meus frāter est.)
2. Quid est nōmen puerī (cuius pater crās veniet)?
3. Hoc est dōnum puerī (cui librum herī dedī).
4. Ea est amīca puerī (quem herī vīdimus).
5. Hoc est dōnum puerī (dē quô illa puella semper cōgitat).

Dative antecedents:

1. Da signum puerō quī stat in agrō.
2. Da aquam puerō cuius frātrēs vīdimus.
3. Da tuum librum puerō cui meam pecûniam commīsī.
4. Da grātiās puerō quem hodiē invēnimus.
5. Da glōriam puerō quōcum cīvitātem servāvērunt.

Accusative antecedents:

1. Puerum quī tē saepe laudat illa puella semper culpat.
2. Puerum cuius pater crās veniet nēmō adiuvābit.
3. Puerum cui pecūniam commīsī ad Asiam mittent.
4. Puerum quem herī vīdī nunc nōn videō.
5. Puerum quō cum nunc remanēs ad urbem crās dūcent.

Ablative antecedents:

1. Dē puerō quī animālia timet medica cōgitat.
2. Prō puerō cuius labor patriam servāvit faciēmus multa bona.
3. Cum puerō cui grātiās ēgimus eam rēgīna mittet.
4. Â puerō quem timet currit illa puella.
5. Dē puerō quō cum sē iunxerat mihi multa dīxit.

Practice: Note the relative clause and the antecedent.

1. equus quī trāns agrōs currit est celer.
2. pauperēs quos rēx iuvit fuerant miserī.
3. illum senem laudāmus cuius philosophiam intellēgimus.
4. fīlia rēgis quī illam terram rexit est iucunda pulchraque.
5. vītam vīxērunt quae gravis diffīcilisque erat.
6. Puella cuī pecūniam herī dedī hodiē mē vidēbit.
7. Habēre illum libellum quem scrīpsit dēsīderō.
8. Amor quem sentiō perpetuus erit.
9. Mōrēs illīus vīrī quem laudō nōn semper bonī sunt
10. Puer cuī signum agricola dedit cōpiās ad mare dūxit.
11. Urbs quam Rōma dēlēre diū cupiēbat nunc eī est amīca.
12. Mātrēs quārum fīliī ad Graeciam nāvigerant tristēs sunt.

1. equus (quī trāns agrōs currit) est celer.
2. pauperēs (quos rēx iuvit) fuerant miserī.
3. illum senem laudāmus (cuius philosophiam intellēgimus).
4. fīlia rēgis (quī illam terram rexit) est iucunda pulchraque.
5. vītam vīxērunt (quae gravis diffīcilisque erat).
6. Puella (cuī pecūniam herī dedī) hodiē mē vidēbit.
7. Habēre illum libellum (quem scrīpsit) dēsīderō.
8. Amor (quem sentiō) perpetuus erit.
9. Mōrēs illīus vīrī (quem laudō) nōn semper bonī sunt
10. Puer (cuī signum agricola dedit) cōpiās ad mare dūxit.
11. Urbs (quam Rōma dēlēre diū cupiēbat) nunc eī est amīca.
12. Mātrēs (quārum fīliī ad Graeciam nāvigerant) tristēs sunt.

Specific Case uses

Nominative

• poetam dēsiderō(quī mē rosās dat).

• trāns mare (quod perīculōsumest) nāvigāmus.

• puer est dominus servī(quī verba levia dīcit).

• amīcās neglēgit ( quae eum amant).

• Balliō multa Auriculae dicit, (quae poetam amat).

• māter puerōrum (quī multa mala faciunt) īrāta est.

Accusative

1. hic est liber (quem Cicerō scrīpsit).

2. librum incipiō(quem Cicerō scrīpsit).

3. Cicerōōrātionēs (quās omnēs laudābunt) rēcitāvit.

4. rosae (quās poeta mē dedit) pulchrae sunt.