Latin 102/201
Review Materials

I. Dictionary forms

Nouns:

ā  ē  ī  ō  ū

All nouns give the same information in their dictionary form: nominative, genitive, and gender.  From this you know what declension (i.e. spelling group) the word is, and therefore what forms it will take.

First declension nouns all have genitives ending in -ae. 

• puella, -ae  f

Second declension nouns all have genitives ending in -i.  Any time you see this -i, you know you have a second declension noun with second declension forms!

• populus, -i  m  (the people) 

Adjectives:

First and second declension adjectives have a three part form that gives you the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of the word.

• bonus, -a, -um (good)

Verbs

Verbs have a four-part dictionary form.

• ago, -ere, egi, actum (I do, I drive)

The combination of the first and second principle parts gives you the conjugation (spelling category) of the verb.  The chart gives the conjugation  and a sample of the dictionary form.  Note the changes in the endings that are unique to each conjugation.  (All conjugations are good for is telling you what vowel to use before the personal endings; see Verbs.)

The third principle part tells you what stem to use for the perfect active system (perfect, pluperfext, future perfect)

Other words do not have an extended form.  They don't go through the kinds of changes nouns, adjectives and verbs do.  Thank god!  ;-)

Examples:

• lente    (adverb; does not change)

• sed   (conjunction; does not change)

• ad + acc.  (preposition; does not change, but it's nice to know it takes the accusative case.)

Nouns

All nouns give the same information in their dictionary form: nominative, genitive, and gender.  From this you know what declension (i.e. spelling group) the word is, and therefore what forms it will take.

First declension nouns all have genitives ending in -ae.  Any time you see this -ae genitive, you know you're dealing with a first declension noun that has first declension forms!!!

• terra, -ae  f  (land, earth)

• forma, -ae f (shape, form, beauty)

• familia, -ae f  (family, household)

Second declension nouns all have genitives ending in -i.  Any time you see this -i, you know you have a second declension noun with second declension forms!

• populus, -i  m  (the people)   

• locus, -i  m  (place)

• puer, pueri, m  (boy)

• liber, libri,  m  (book)

• templum, -i  n  (temple)

• caelum, -i  n  (sky)

Some second declension nouns end in -er, and sometimes the e stays in the stem (as with puer) and other times it doesn't (as in liber) -- that's why those forms are written out.

Also, with second declension nouns, you still have to determine if the word is masculine or neuter, because these forms are different in two cases (nom. & acc.).  To do this, just look at the first (nominative) form -- or the gender notation . . .

Third declension nouns all have genitives ending in -is. When you see the -is, you know your word is third declension and has third declension forms.  This stability is a good thing, because 3rd declension nominatives are so varied.

• civis, civis  c  (citizen)   

• miles, militis, m  (soldier)

• arbor, arboris  f  (tree)   

• flumen, fluminis  n  (river)

Since third declension nouns are so varied, there is no real pattern to show you which words are masculine, feminine, and neuter.  Only the gender notation shows you that. 

Practice: Sort the following words into first, second or third declension, based on their dictionary form.

Adjectives

There are two kinds of adjectives: (a) first-and-second declension adjectives, and (b) third declension adjectives. 1&2's are easy, but 3's are complex. 

First and second declension adjectives have a three part form that gives you the masculine, feminine, and neuter forms of the word.

• bonus, -a, -um (good)

• altus, -a, -um  (high, deep)

• pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum  (beautiful)

• miser, misera, miserum  (miserable, unfortunate)

Note that some 1&2 adjectives, (e.g. pulcher), have the -er ending for masculine, so you have to know whether the (e) stays (as in miser) or goes (as in pulcher) in the feminine & neuter forms --that's why those forms are written out.

Third declension adjectives have two main types.  Both have only two forms.

In the first type, the first form is masculine and feminine, the second in neuter.

• omnis, omne  (all)

• difficilis, difficile (difficult)

Since the first form is masculine and feminine, you would say (in the nominative)  puer fortis and puella fortis, and since the second form is neuter, you would say iter difficile.

In the second type, the first form is masculine, feminine, and neuter.  The second form is genitive.

• felix, felicis  (lucky)

• ingens, ingentis  (huge)

You can tell this form from the other one because the second form ends in -is -- just like a noun.  That makes you think you've got a nominative plus genitive form.  So for this one, you'd say vir ingens, femina ingens, and templum ingens.

You can tell it's not a noun because . . . no gender marker.  That's your only clue.

Practice: Sort the following adjectives into first-and-second, or third declension, by their dictionary form.

Verbs

Dictionary Forms and Conjugations

Verbs have a four-part dictionary form.

Ex. ago, -ere, egi, actum (I do, I drive)

• ago means "I do" (present tense, first person singular)

• agere means "to do"  (present tense, infinitive)

• egi means "I did" (perfect tense, first person singular)

• actum means "having been done" (perfect passive participle, neuter form)

The combination of the first and second form give you the conjugation (spelling category) of the verb. 

Conjugations:

There are four (and a half) conjugations in Latin, plus some irregular verbs.  The four conjugations have easy-to-recognize clues in their dictionary forms which identify their conjugation.

• First: ambulo, -āre (just a plain -o in the first person, and an -are in the infinitive)

• Second: habeo, -ere (an -eo in the first person, and an -ere in the infinitive -- if we were doing macrons, there would be a macron over the e.)

• Third: duco, -ere  (just a plain -o in the first person, and an -ere in the infinitive -- -- if we were doing macrons, there would be no macron over the e.)

• Third -io: facio, -ere (an -io in the first person, and an -ere in the infinitive -- -- if we were doing macrons, there would be no macron over the e.)

• Fourth: dormio, -ire (an -io in the first person, and an -ire in the infinitive)

The same information in chart form:

Practice: divide these verbs into their conjugations based on their dictionary forms.

Other Words

Other words do not have an extended dictionary form.  They do not go through the kinds of changes that nouns, adjectives and verbs do, so they don't need it.  You get all the information you need from one form, or (with prepositions) from the word itself and the case it goes with.

Ex:

• lente    (adverb; does not change)

• sed   (conjunction; does not change)

• ad + acc.  (preposition; does not change, but it's nice to know it takes the accusative case.)

Flash Cards

• Prepositions

Nouns and Adjectives

Noun Endings

I. Noun endings: first and second declension: 
What the chart shows you:

• singular and plural forms (so you know how many you're dealing with)
• the role of the word in the sentence so you know who is doing the action, which words are part of a prepositional phrase, what the direct object is, etc.

Key information you need to use the chart:

• dictionary form, which tells you which pattern you use:
  • terra, -ae  f (first declension endings)
  • hortus, hortï  m (second masc.)
  • forum -ï  n  (second neuter)
  • magnus, -a, -um  (first for describing  feminine words, second m. for masculine words, second n. for neuter words)

  ā  ē  ī  ō  ū

   

First, Second and Third Declension endings

Related charts for the same essential information:

• Noun forms, endings only
• Adjective chart -- same endings, but laid out a little differently

Pronouns which have similar endings, with variations marked:

• is, ea, id 
• ille, illa, illud

Noun forms, endings only:

First-and-Second Declension Adjectives   The only difference between this chart and the noun endings chart, is the layout.  A pain, but traditional.

First-and-Second declension adjectives, sample word: longus, -a, -um, long

Third Declension Nouns and Adjectives

Endings only

Third Declension: sample words

• nound: mens, mentis  f  mind    and corpus, corporis  body
• i-stem nouns: urbs, urbis f city   and mare, maris n ocean 
• third declension adjective: brevis, breve brief

Paradigm of is, ea, id   Note that this chart is mostly like first and second declension charts.  The exceptions are marked with an asterisk.  The big exceptions are the genitive and dative singular.

*males would be "he" or "him," masculine things would be "it":

• Lucius ad ianuam ambulat; eum video.  Lucius is walking to the door; I see him.
• stilus in mensa est; eum video.  The pen is on the table, I see it.

Paradigm of ille, illa, illud   Note that this chart is mostly like first and second declension charts.  The exceptions are marked with an asterisk.  The big exceptions are the genitive and dative singular.  Also note: the exceptions are in exactly the same place as is, ea, id.

*Ille, illa, illud can also mean that/those if used with a noun.

• illam feminam video, I see that woman.

Cases and their uses

Genitive:

Genitive forms

Meanings and Uses

The genitive shows a number of relationships between nouns that (lucky for us) can usually be translated using "of" (or 's / s').  (The "of" is part of the translation of the genitive)

• casa feminae  the house of the woman/the woman's house

• casa feminarum   the women's house/the house of the women

• terra animalium ferocum   the land of the ferocious animals

• pars virorum   part of the men   (but not the men's part)

Genitives always appear in phrases -- a noun plus genitive.  The genitive can appear either before or after the noun it goes with.

Flash cards for genitive phrases  determine which word is genitive, and translate accordingly.  Note: because there is no context the translations are rather stilted, using "the," but something like amici casam could be "my friend's house" or "his friend's house" rather than "the friend's house."

The Relative Pronoun

Forms

• Meaning: who, which, whom, whose, to whom (depending on gender and case)
  • ille est vir qui me iuvit  He is the man who helped me.
  • ille est vir quem puellae iuverunt.  He is the man whom the girls helped.
• Clauses: they begin clauses that have their own verb.
  • ille est vir (qui me iuvit). He is the man (who helped me).
  • ille est vir (quem puellae iuverunt).  He is the man whom the girls helped.
  • puellae virum (quem iuverunt) amant. The girls love the man whom they helped.
• Agreement: the relative pronoun agrees with the noun it substitutes for (the antecedent) in gender and number.
• Case: the relative pronoun takes the case required by its clause.

·         English: The man whom I saw is a good friend.

·         Latin: vir quem vidi est bonus amicus.  quem agrees with the antecedent, vir, in gender (masculine) and number (singular).  It is accusative because in its clause it is the direct object.

Antecedent:

can be any gender, number or case

• Nominative:    puerī (quī dīligenter labōrābant) nunc doctī sunt. The boys (who worked hard) are now educated.
• Genitive: amīcī puerōrum (quī dīligenter labōrābant) saepe eōs laudant.  The friends of the boys (who worked hard) often praise them.
• Dative: puerīs (quī dīligenter labōrābant) dona damus.  We give gifts to the boys (who worked hard).
• Accusative: puerōs (quī dīligenter labōrābant) laudāvimus.  We praised the boys (who worked hard).
• Ablative: cum puerīs (quī dīligenter labōrābant) manēmus.  We are staying with the boys (who worked hard).

Relative pronoun in clauses:

the relative pronoun is whatever case its clause requires and agrees with its antecedent in gender and number

• Nominative: māter (quae mē amat) est bona fēmina.  The mother (who loves me) is a good woman.
• Genitive: māter (cuius fīlium amō) est bona fēmina. The mother (whose son I love) is a good woman.
• Dative: māter (cui dona dabāmus) est bona fēmina. The mother (to whom we gave gifts) is a good woman.
• Accusative: māter (quam amāmus) est bona fēmina.  The mother (whom I love) is a good woman.
• Ablative: māter (sine quā vivere nōn possum) est bona fēmina. The mother (without whom I cannot live) is a good woman.

Examples from Latin Praxis site: (for translations go here)

Nominative antecedents:

1. Puer (quī cecidit) frāter meus est.
2. Puer (cuius pater crās veniet) nōn valet.
3. Puer (cui librum dedī) tē vocat.
4. Puer (quem puellae vītant) stultus est.
5. Puer (ā quô illae currunt) ibi stat.

Genitive antecedents:

1. Ibi est dōnum puerī (quī meus frāter est.)
2. Quid est nōmen puerī (cuius pater crās veniet)?
3. Hoc est dōnum puerī (cui librum herī dedī).
4. Ea est amīca puerī (quem herī vīdimus).
5. Hoc est dōnum puerī (dē quô illa puella semper cōgitat).

Dative antecedents:

1. Da signum puerō quī stat in agrō.
2. Da aquam puerō cuius frātrēs vīdimus.
3. Da tuum librum puerō cui meam pecûniam commīsī.
4. Da grātiās puerō quem hodiē invēnimus.
5. Da glōriam puerō quōcum cīvitātem servāvērunt.

Accusative antecedents:

1. Puerum quī tē saepe laudat illa puella semper culpat.
2. Puerum cuius pater crās veniet nēmō adiuvābit.
3. Puerum cui pecūniam commīsī ad Asiam mittent.
4. Puerum quem herī vīdī nunc nōn videō.
5. Puerum quō cum nunc remanēs ad urbem crās dūcent.

Ablative antecedents:

1. Dē puerō quī animālia timet medica cōgitat.
2. Prō puerō cuius labor patriam servāvit faciēmus multa bona.
3. Cum puerō cui grātiās ēgimus eam rēgīna mittet.
4. Â puerō quem timet currit illa puella.
5. Dē puerō quō cum sē iunxerat mihi multa dīxit.

Practice: Note the relative clause and the antecedent.

1. equus quī trāns agrōs currit est celer.
2. pauperēs quos rēx iuvit fuerant miserī.
3. illum senem laudāmus cuius philosophiam intellēgimus.
4. fīlia rēgis quī illam terram rexit est iucunda pulchraque.
5. vītam vīxērunt quae gravis diffīcilisque erat.
6. Puella cuī pecūniam herī dedī hodiē mē vidēbit.
7. Habēre illum libellum quem scrīpsit dēsīderō.
8. Amor quem sentiō perpetuus erit.
9. Mōrēs illīus vīrī quem laudō nōn semper bonī sunt
10. Puer cuī signum agricola dedit cōpiās ad mare dūxit.
11. Urbs quam Rōma dēlēre diū cupiēbat nunc eī est amīca.
12. Mātrēs quārum fīliī ad Graeciam nāvigerant tristēs sunt.

1. equus (quī trāns agrōs currit) est celer.
2. pauperēs (quos rēx iuvit) fuerant miserī.
3. illum senem laudāmus (cuius philosophiam intellēgimus).
4. fīlia rēgis (quī illam terram rexit) est iucunda pulchraque.
5. vītam vīxērunt (quae gravis diffīcilisque erat).
6. Puella (cuī pecūniam herī dedī) hodiē mē vidēbit.
7. Habēre illum libellum (quem scrīpsit) dēsīderō.
8. Amor (quem sentiō) perpetuus erit.
9. Mōrēs illīus vīrī (quem laudō) nōn semper bonī sunt
10. Puer (cuī signum agricola dedit) cōpiās ad mare dūxit.
11. Urbs (quam Rōma dēlēre diū cupiēbat) nunc eī est amīca.
12. Mātrēs (quārum fīliī ad Graeciam nāvigerant) tristēs sunt.

Specific Case uses

Nominative

• poetam dēsiderō(quī mē rosās dat).

• trāns mare (quod perīculōsumest) nāvigāmus.

• puer est dominus servī(quī verba levia dīcit).

• amīcās neglēgit ( quae eum amant).

• Balliō multa Auriculae dicit, (quae poetam amat).

• māter puerōrum (quī multa mala faciunt) īrāta est.

Accusative

1. hic est liber (quem Cicerō scrīpsit).

2. librum incipiō(quem Cicerō scrīpsit).

3. Cicerōōrātionēs (quās omnēs laudābunt) rēcitāvit.

4. rosae (quās poeta mē dedit) pulchrae sunt.

Dative:

Forms:

• ·         singular: cui

• ·         plural: quibus

Indirect objects: to whom

with verbs like: dō, tradō, dicō, narrō, nuntiō, monstrō, ostendō

• puella (cui rosās dabam)

• puellae quibus rosās damus

• pueri quibus omnia narrāmus

• amicos quibus cōnsilium dīximus

  • auditor cui versūs recitō

With special verbs: as direct object

occurrō, succurrō, resistō, imperō

• senex cui occurrō

• senēs quibus occurrō

• militēs quibus imperō 

Genitive:

• whose, of whom

Forms:  

• singular: cuius

• plural: quōrum, quārum

• puer cuius mātrem cognōscō

• puella cuius mātrem cognōscō

• puellas quarum mātrem cognōscō

• pueros quōrum mātrem cognōscō

• senex cuius filus mē amat

• senem cuius filius mē amat

• senēs quōrum verba acria audiō

• amicas quārum verba dulcia deligō

Ablative:

·         with preposition (now) or special meanings (later)

Examples

• ·         casa ( e quā fugiō)

• ·         casae in quibus manēmus

Verbs

Telling conjugation from dictionary form:  The chart below gives examples of the dictionary from of a sample verb of each conjugation, with the distinguishing factors underlined.

Verb personal endings: present tense 
What this chart shows you:

• who is doing the action of any given verb.

Which vowel do you use?  The chart below gives a sample paradigm of a verb of each conjugation.

Related charts:

• telling conjugation from dictionary form
• which vowel you use in forming verbs

Imperfect Tense

·        present stem  (drop the -o, -eo, or -io)

·        vowel for its conjugation    (see below)

·        -ba-

·        personal endings: (see below)

Characteristic vowels

Personal Endings

I           -m

you     -s

s/he    -t

we      -mus

you     -tis

they   -nt

servō, -are

2^nd  conjugation

habeō, -ēre

Irregular Imperfects: sum and possum

Future Tense: first and second conjugation

·        present stem  (1^st example = am-  // 2^nd example = hab-)

·        vowel for its conjugation  (same as for imperfect)

·        -b + -ō, -i, -u endings

 Examples:

 Future Tense: third, third-io, and fourth conjugations

Third, third-io, and fourth conjugation verbs make their futures with a vowel change, keeping the same stem and (except for the 1st person) the same personal ending.

ā  ē  ī  ō  ū   ā  ē  ī  ō  ū

Irregular Verbs: sum

III. Important irregular verbs. 
What this chart shows you:

• the forms of verbs you will see frequently in reading, and often with prefixes, but which vary from the basic verb forms

Present tense: sum, esse, fui, futurum to be  and eo, ire, ii or ivi, itum, to go

Related charts:

• examples of sum and eö compounds (e.g. adeo, exeo, adsum, absum)