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Paradigms

This page is a holding tank for the various forms of nouns, pronouns, verbs etc. we do over the course of the semester, with no rhyme or reason. If you want rhyme and reason, look in the appendices of Wheelock!

Coepi	Verb Synopsis	eo, ire, ii, itum
Cases and Places

Coepi, coepisse, coeptum

Coepi is a “defective verb,” which means that it does not exist in all tenses. In the present tense, the verb “to begin” is incipio, -ere, incepi, inceptus, which can be used in the perfect tense as well. But in narratives in the past tense, it is more common to use coepi to mean “I began.” No reason, just is. So:

	perf. act. indic.	perf. act. subj.	plup. act. indic.	plup. act. subj.
I	coepi	coeperim	coeperam	coepissem
you	coepisti	coeperis	coeperas	coepisses
s/he	coepit	coeperit	coeperat	coepisset
we	coepimus	coeperimus	coeperamus	coepissimus
you	coepistis	coeperitis	coeperatis	coepissetis
they	coeperunt	coeperint	coeperant	coepissent

Verb Synopsis

A verb synopsis is a way of setting out all of the forms of a verb, but in only one persona and number (he, or we, or I, or whatever) so taht you can see the structure of how the different paradigms are made. One of the charts below has the English meanings, the abbrviated chart does not.

laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, third person singular (s/he)

Indicative

*tense*	*active*	*meaning*	*passive*	*meaning*
present	laudat	s/he praises	laudatur	s/he is praised
imperfect	laudbat	s/he praised	laudabatur	s/he was praised
future	laudabit	s/he will praise	laudabitur	s/he will be praised
perfect	laudavit	s/he praised	laudatus/a/ um est	s/he was praised
pluperfect	laudaverat	s/he had praised	laudatus/a/ um erat	s/he had been praised
future perfect	laudaverit	s/he praises	laudatus/a/um erit	s/he is praised

Infinitives

*tense*	*active*	*meaning*	*passive*	*meaning*
*present*	laudare	to praise	laudari	to be praised
*perfect*	laudavisse	to have been praised	laudatum esse	to have been praised

Subjunctives

*tense*	*active*	*meaning*	*passive*	*meaning*
*present*	laudet	s/he praises	laudetur	s/he is praised
*imperfect*	laudaret	s/he praised	laudaretur	s/he was praised
*perfect*	laudaverit	s/he praised	laudatus sit	s/he was praised
*pluperfect*	laudavisset	s/he had praised	laudatus esset	s/he had been praised

Abbreviated synopsis

teneo, -ere-, tenui, tentum 1^st person plural (we)

*tense*	*pres.*	*imp.*	*fut.*	*perf.*	*pluperf.*	*fut. perf.*
*act. indic.*	tenemus	tenebamus	tenebimus	tenuimus	teneramus	tenerimus
*pass. indic.*	tenemur	tenebamur	tenebimur	tenti sumus	tenti eramus	tenti erimus
*act. subj.*	teneamus	teneremus	---	tenuerimus	tenuissemus	---
*pass. subj.*	teneamur	teneremur	---	tenti simus	tenti essemus

eo, ire, ii, itum

eo is one of those "little words" that carry a lot of meaning. It means "to go" and is not only used by itself, but also in many combinations, for example:

abeo, abire, abii, abitum, to go away
adeo, adire, adii, aditum, to go to/toward
circumeo, circumire, circumii, circumitum, to go around or encircle
exeo, exire, exii, exitum, to leave
ineo, inire, inii, initum, to enter or go in
pereo, perire, perii, peritum, to perish (begins by meaning "go all the way (to the end)")
redeo, redire, redii, reditum, to go back
transeo, transire, transii, transitum, to go across

present system indicative

*person*	*present*	*imperfect*	*future*
I	eo	ibam	ibo exibo
*you*	is	ibas	ibis
*s/he*	it	ibat	ibit
we	imus	ibamus	ibimus
*you*	it is	ibatis	ibitis
*they*	eunt	ibant	ibunt

perfect system indiciative

*person*	*present*	*imperfect*	*future*
I	ii	ieram	iero
*you*	iisti	ieras	ieris
*s/he*	iit	ierat	ierit
we	iimus	ieramus	ierimus
*you*	iistis	ieratis	ieritis
*they*	ierunt	ierant	ierint

present system subjunctve

*person*	*present*	*imperfect*
I	eam	irem
*you*	eas	ires
*s/he*	eat	iret
we	eamus	iremus
*you*	eatis	iretis
*they*	eant	irent

perfect system subjunctive

*person*	*present*	*imperfect*
I	ierim	issem
*you*	ieris	isses
*s/he*	ierit	isset
we	ierimus	issemus
*you*	ieritis	issetis
*they*	ierint	issent

Places and Cases .... or, Accusative and Ablative of place

Accusative

All of the following sentences use the accusative case to show movement To or Toward a place. With most words, you use the preposition ad (or sometimes in) to express this idea.

· ad urbem celeriter adimus. (adeo, -ire, ii = to go to)

· ad forum

· in campum

· ad Italiam

· ad insulam fratres navigaverunt.

For cities and small island communities, you use only the accusative to indicate that you are going to a place:

· Romam celeriter adimus We are arriving quickly to Rome.

· Ostiam navigavimus. We are sailing to Ostia.

· Londinium adveniemus.We will arrive in London.

For two other words that are commonly used, you only use the accusative case (without ad): domum (to) home and rus (to) the country.

· domum festinavimus. We hurried home.

· omnes domum ierunt. Everyone went home.

· domum eo; deinde rus ibo ut laborem. I’m going home; then I will go to the country to work.

Ablative

The ablative case usually indicates separation or movement away. In most cases, the preosition a/ab makes this clear:

· a puellis fugi, he ran away from the girls.

· ab hostibus fugerat, he had run away from the enemies.

· ab urbe equitavit, he rode out of the city.

But for the names of cities and small islands, the ablative itself is used to indicate movement away:

· Roma fugit, he fled from Rome.

· Pompeiis omnes fugerunt, everyone ran away from Pompeii

Once again, domus and rus have special cases:

· domo exiit, he left home

· rure discessit, he left the country

Locative

There is also a case called the locative, which only occurs to show where something is or happens. For all nouns and place names, it looks like the ablative in the plural. For third decelsion place names, it also looks ablative. For first and second declensios, it looks genitive.

· Corinthi manemus. We are staying in Corinth (Corinthus, -i = Corinth)

· Romae manemus. We’re staying in Rome. (Roma, -ae = Rome)

· Carthagine manemus. We’re staying in Carthage. (Carthago, -inis = Carthage)

· Puteolis manemus (Puteoli, -orum = Puteoli)

· Athenis manemus.(Athenae, -arum = Athens)