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Chapter 2: Historical & Metatheoretical Perspectives on Motivation
Behavioral Theories
Cognitive Theories
Early Views of Motivation
Volition/Will
Volition according to Wundt
Freud’s Theory
Conditioning Theories
Connectionism
Law of Effect
PPT Slide
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Dog Stage 1
Operant Conditioning
Applying Conditioning in the Classroom
Drive Theories -- Emphasized the contribution of internal factors (drives) to behavior. Drives are internal forces that seek to maintain homeostasis, or the optimal states of bodily mechanisms.
Purposive Behaviorism -- Stresses the goal directedness of behavior. Environmental stimuli are means to goal attainment & must be studied in the context of behavioral sequences to understand people’s actions.
Arousal Theories -- Look at motivation in terms of level of emotional arousal. Deal with behaviors, emotions, & other internal mechanisms. Motivation depends strongly on affective processes (as opposed to cognitive or behavioral processes.)
Field Theory
Cognitive Consistency -- Address the cognitions people have & how these cognitions affect behavior.
Trait Theory -- Allport’s Functional Autonomy of Motives
Humanistic Theory -- Emphasizes people’s capabilities & potentialities. Stresses that individuals have choices & seek control over their lives. Does not explain behavior in terms of unconscious, powerful inner forces and does not focus on environmental stimuli & responses as determinants of behavior
Assumptions of Humanistic Theories
Applying Humanistic Theories in the Classroom
Metatheoretical Models and Metaphors
Mechanistic Model
Organismic Model
Contextual Model
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