1. An organism that causes disease is a/an
a) antigen.
b) toxin. c)
pathogen. d) antibody.
2. Which one of the following is NOT a vector of
disease?
a) contaminated soil b)
rats c) ticks
d) mosquitoes
3. Vessels and organs that pick up excess
fluids, filter out disease-causing organisms and other waste products, and
return cleansed fluid to the general circulation belong to the _______________
system.
a) digestive
b) antibody c)
lymphatic d) neutrophil
4. An infection that travels throughout the body
is called
a) chronic.
b) acute. c)
localized. d) systemic.
5. Agents that cause STDs usually enter the body
through
a) mucous membranes lining the urethra or
cervix.
b) cuts and abrasions.
c) inhalation.
d) the bloodstream.
6. One of the best ways to break the chain of
infection is to
a) wash your hands frequently.
b) use disinfectant agents when cleaning your
house.
c) get boosters for immunizations 6 months
early.
d) drink water only if it is fluoridated.
7. The largest organ of the body is the
a) liver.
b) intestines. c)
skin. d) stomach.
8. The body's first line of defense against
invasion of organisms is
a) the skin.
b) antibodies. c)
white blood cells. d) fever.
9. Obstacles to microorganisms entering the body
include
a) enzymes.
b) cilia. c)
antibodies. d) all of the above
10. Microscopic, hairlike structures that sweep
mucus and foreign substances out of the lungs are called
a) cilia.
b) phagocytic cells. c)
macrophages. d) enzymes.
11. Which of the following statements does NOT
explain why smokers often have a chronic daily cough?
a) Smoking damages ciliated cells.
b) Smoking damages the airways.
c) Smoking destroys cilia.
d) Smoking causes allergies in the smoker.
12. A type of white blood cell that engulfs
foreign organisms and infected, damaged, or aged cells and that is particularly
prevalent during the inflammatory response is a
a) macrophage. b)
platelet. c) lymphocyte.
d) neutrophil.
13. Macrophages
a) act
as scavengers. c) counteract swollen lymph nodes.
b) trigger
the immune response. d) are suppressor cells.
14. White blood cells that directly destroy virus-infected
and cancerous cells are _______________ cells.
a) helper T
b) suppressor T c)
natural killer d) B
15. White blood cells that travel in both the
bloodstream and lymphatic system are
a) lymphocytes. b)
erythrocytes. c) neutrophils. d)
macrophages.
16. White blood cells include all of the
following EXCEPT
a) macrophages. b)
neutrophils. c) lymphocytes. d)
erythrocytes.
17. Lymph nodes
a) produce enzymes in the lymph.
b) are where macrophages congregate and filter
bacteria from the lymph.
c) produce antibodies and antigens.
d) are part of the respiratory system.
18. Swollen lymph nodes are an indication of
a) herpes.
b) poor diet. c)
hemophilia. d) infection.
19. Lymphocytes that stimulate other lymphocytes
to increase are called _______________ cells.
a) suppressor T b)
B c) memory
d) helper T
20. Lymphocytes that can get rid of cells of the
body that have been invaded by foreign organisms or have turned cancerous are
called
a) killer T cells. b)
helper T cells. c) suppressor T cells. d)
phagocytes.
21. Lymphocytes that discourage the growth of
other lymphocytes are called _______________ cells.
a) suppressor T b)
B c) memory
d) killer T
22. Lymphocytes that produce antibodies are
called _______________ cells.
a) helper
b) B c)
killer d) suppressor
23. A marker on the surface of a foreign
substance that triggers the immune response is called a/an
a) antibody.
b) lymphocyte. c)
antigen. d) enzyme.
24. Lymphocytes generated during an initial
infection that circulate in the body for years and quickly destroy the specific
antigens if they ever appear again are called _______________ cells.
a) killer T
b) helper T c)
suppressor T d) memory T
25. A disease in which an individual's immune
system attacks his or her own body or body parts is called a/an
a) autoimmune
disease. c) active immunity reaction.
b) acquired
immune response. d) natural immune disorder.
26. The release of histamines does NOT cause
_______________ in the affected area.
a) redness
b) swelling c)
infection d) heat
27. During this type of immune system response
the body's defense system literally eats invading pathogens.
a) acquired
b) imagined c)
natural d) adaptive
28. During this type of immune system response
the T and B cells change after contact with the pathogen.
a) acquired
b) imagined c)
natural d) innate
29. In an immune response, the phase in which
helper T cells receive information from macrophages about the body invasion is
called
a) recognition
of the invading pathogen. c) attack.
b) amplification
of defenses. d) slowdown.
30. The phase of the immune response in which
helper T cells multiply rapidly and produce killer T cells is called
a) recognition
of the invading pathogen. c) attack.
b) amplification
of defenses. d) slowdown.
31. Chemical messengers released by immune system
cells that help amplify and coordinate the immune response are
a) cytokines.
b) antibodies. c)
antigens. d) histamines.
32. Which of the following are examples of two
cytokines?
a) histamines
and interleukins c) interferons and gamma globulin
b) interleukins
and interferons d) gamma globulin and histamines
33. In the immune response, the phase in which
killer T cells strike at foreign cells and at cells of the body that have been
invaded and infected is called
a) recognition
of the invading pathogen. c) attack.
b) amplification
of defenses. d) slowdown.
34. Cell-mediated immune response
a) is a function of killer T cells.
b) is a function of B cells.
c) stimulates the production of antibodies.
d) uses antibodies to recruit macrophages to
help clean up.
35. Which one of the following statements is true
regarding antibody-mediated immune response?
a) Antibodies work against infected body cells.
b) It is carried out by T cells.
c) Antibodies recruit more macrophages to help
clean up the site.
d) Antibodies work against bacteria and viruses
outside of the cell.
36. The phase of the immune system in which
suppressor T cells halt the immune response and restore the body's natural
balance is called
a) recognition
of the invading pathogen. c) attack.
b) amplification
of defenses. d) slowdown.
37. The ability of memory lymphocytes to remember
previous infections is known as _______________ immunity.
a) acquired
b) active c)
future d) passive
38. The period when a bacterium or virus is
actively multiplying inside the body without producing symptoms of illness is
called
a) incubation. b)
induction. c) prodromal.
d) invasion.
39. Symptoms of illness
a) can be caused by the immune response.
b) will not disappear until a person is no
longer infectious.
c) occur during the incubation period.
d) must be present before a person is
infectious.
40. Immunization is based on
a) the body's ability to remember an encounter
with a specific antigen.
b) the body's ability to tell a harmful pathogen
from a harmless one.
c) the introduction of an unrelated pathogen
into the body to stimulate antigen production.
d) the introduction of helper T cells into the
body.
41. A preparation of killed or weakened pathogens
injected or taken orally to stimulate the body to produce antibodies is called
a/an
a) gamma globulin. b)
vaccine. c) antibody.
d) immunoglobulin.
42. A vaccine made from weakened organisms is
called a/an
a) killer vaccine. b)
live, attenuated vaccine.
c) toxoid. d)
antigen.
43. Vaccines made from pathogens that have been
killed in the laboratory yet retain their ability to stimulate the production
of antibodies are used to provide protection against
a) measles.
b) mumps. c)
influenza. d) tetanus.
44. Vaccines confer _______________ immunity.
a) active
b) passive c)
adaptive d) acquired
45. A person who is exposed to a disease and who
is subsequently injected with antibodies produced by others has been given
_______________ immunity.
a) active
b) passive c)
adaptive d) acquired
46. Serum that contains a variety of antibodies
and is injected to provide temporary immunity is called
a) plasma.
b) gamma globulin. c)
enzymes. d) antihistamines.
47. When the body recognizes as a dangerous
antigen a relatively harmless substance such as dust, pollen, or animal hair
and mounts an immune response, this response is called
a) passive immunity. b)
active immunity. c) adaptive immunity. d)
an allergy.
48. Substances that provoke allergies are known
as
a) parasites.
b) antigens. c)
bacteria. d) allergens.
49. Which of the following is NOT considered a common
allergen?
a) pollen
b) viruses c)
molds d) insect stings
50. The substance that causes the inflammatory
response to dust or pollen is called
a) immunoglobulin E. b)
histamine. c) gamma globulin. d)
antigen.
51. Which of the following is an effect of
histamine on the body?
a) ankle edema b)
stimulated mucus production
c) headaches d)
sore throat
52. All of the following are general strategies
for dealing with allergies EXCEPT
a) avoidance.
b) denial. c)
medication. d) immunotherapy.
53. Which of the following is NOT considered a
pathogen?
a) prions
b) bacteria c)
dust d) fungi
54. Streptococcus and staphylococcus are examples
of
a) rickettsiae. b)
bacteria. c) viruses.
d) parasites.
55. A bacterium that causes infections such as
scarlet fever and impetigo is
a) streptococcus. b)
staphylococcus. c) Legionella.
d)
spirochete.
56. A common bacterium found on the skin and
capable of causing infection if it enters the body is a
a) streptococcus. b)
staphylococcus. c) Legionella.
d)
spirochete.
57. Which of the following statements about
tuberculosis is FALSE?
a) It is untreatable, except with rest.
b) It responds to a long course of antibiotic
treatment.
c) The incidence of tuberculosis is increasing.
d) It is transmitted via the respiratory tract.
58. Lyme disease can cause all of the following
EXCEPT
a) fetal damage. b)
arthritis. c) seizures.
d) impaired motor coordination.
59. Which of the following is probably LEAST
effective against Lyme disease?
a) As soon as a tick is spotted on the body,
twist to remove it.
b) Use an insect repellent containing DEET.
c) Cover your body as much as possible when
walking in wooded areas.
d) Disinfect the bite site if you find a tick.
60. Tetanus is also known as this condition.
a) lockjaw
b) heartburn c)
gastritis d) meningitis
61. Organisms that can reproduce only inside
living cells and are transmitted by insects are called
a) viruses.
b) bacteria. c)
parasites. d) rickettsiae.
62. Generally, antibiotics are useful against
a) influenza.
b) colds. c)
bacteria. d) viruses.
63. The smallest pathogens, which are incapable
of growing or reproducing by themselves, are called
a) bacteria.
b) protozoa. c)
viruses. d) rickettsiae.
64. The smallest pathogens, on the borderline
between living and nonliving matter, are
a) rickettsiae. b)
protozoa. c) bacteria.
d) viruses.
65. A disease caused by a virus is the most
common form of _______________ disease.
a) spontaneous b)
contagious c) chronic
d) acute
66. Colds are transmitted primarily by
a) airborne
respiratory droplets. c) coughing.
b) hand-to-hand
contact. d) sharing food or drink.
67. All of the following are childhood viral
illnesses that have waned in the U.S. EXCEPT
a) mumps.
b) measles. c)
hepatitis B. d) rubella.
68. One of the herpes viruses associated with
infectious mononucleosis is
a) herpes
simplex type I. c) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
b) herpes
simplex type II. d) cytomegalovirus.
69. Viral encephalitis causes inflammation of the
tissue in this organ.
a) kidney
b) brain c)
liver d) heart
70. The least serious form of hepatitis is
hepatitis
a) A.
b) B. c)
C. d) D.
71. Hepatitis B is transmitted mainly by
a) casual
contact. c) organ donation.
b) contaminated
food. d) intimate sexual contact.
72. This virus can cause irreversible paralysis
and death in some infected individuals.
a) herpes
b) poliomyelitis c)
hepatitis d) influenza
73. Molds, mushrooms, and yeasts belong to which
classification?
a) protozoa
b) spirochete c)
fungi d) rickettsiae
74. A fungus that causes vaginitis and thrush is
a) histoplasmosis. b) Candida albicans. c)
coccidioidomycosis. d) chlamydia.
75. Mild fungal diseases that rarely give rise to
major problems include all of the following EXCEPT
a) athlete's foot. b)
jock itch. c) histoplasmosis. d)
ringworm.
76. Microscopic, single-celled animals that often
produce recurrent attacks of disease are called
a) viruses.
b) parasites. c) protozoa. d)
bacteria.
77. Protozoa are associated with all of the
following illnesses EXCEPT
a) giardiasis. b)
amoebic dysentery. c) histoplasmosis. d)
malaria.
78. The largest organisms that can enter the body
to cause infection are
a) bacteria.
b) parasitic worms. c)
viruses. d) protozoa.
79. The infectious agents that consist only of
protein are called
a) viruses.
b) prions. c)
bacteria. d) protozoa.
80. Prions are the cause of which of the following
diseases?
a) rabies
b) Creutzfeldt-Jakob c)
syphilis d) toxic shock
81. Autoimmune disease results when
a) bacteria severely damage the immune system.
b) cancer creates an imbalance in the immune
system.
c) the body erroneously recognizes its own
cells as foreign.
d) a virus such as HIV destroys the immune
system.
82. Examples of autoimmune disease include
a) systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid
arthritis.
b) rheumatoid arthritis and HIV.
c) cancer and systemic lupus erythematosus.
d) allergies and HIV.
83. The most effective protection against
infectious and parasitic diseases is
a) a clean environment and a healthful
lifestyle.
b) vaccination and a healthful lifestyle.
c) antibiotics and a clean environment.
d) immunization and proper food preparation.
84. Which of the following is NOT a guideline for
strengthening the immune system?
a) Eat
a well-balanced diet. c) Wash your hands frequently.
b) Get
adequate rest. d) Continue to exercise with mild illness.