Chapter
1-3
If
I go to
Key Sentences and Structure/Grammar:
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Past Plain forms of verbs |
We need to memorize the following rules in the chart below to make Plain Affirmative Non-past forms into Plain Affirmative Past Forms.
Class 1 verbs!
Try to remember these with some rhythms such as a lap music!
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Past Plain Forms of Verbs |
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Endings of Plain Affirmative |
Endings of Plain Affirmative |
Affirmative/ Positive |
Negative |
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く |
-> いた |
かく ->
かいた |
かかない ->
かかなかった |
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ぐ |
-> いだ |
およぐ -> およいだ |
およがない -> およがなかった |
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う、つ、る |
-> った |
かう -> かった |
かわない -> かわなかった |
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ぬ、む、ぶ |
-> んだ |
しぬ -> しんだ |
しなない -> しななかった |
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す |
-> した |
はなす ->
はなした |
はなさない -> はなさなかった |
Class 2 verbs!
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Past Plain Forms of Verbs |
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Endings of Plain Affirmative |
Endings of Plain Affirmative |
Affirmative/ Positive |
Negative |
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(-e/-i) + る |
た |
たべる -> たべた |
たべない -> たべなかった |
Class 3 verbs!
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Plain Affirmative Non-past |
Affirmative/ Positive Past Plain |
Negative Past Plain |
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する (To do) |
した |
しなかった |
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くる (To come) |
来た |
来なかった |
Click here to practice with video for plain positive/negative past forms of verbs.
Click here to practice with Power Point for plain
positive/negative past forms of verbs.
Click here (Word format) to get the Verbs Chart:
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Expressing
experiences ことがあります |
Here
are the structures to express one’s experiences.
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I have done … |
私は沖縄に行ったことはありますが、本土に行ったことはありません。 I have been to
私の友達は日本に２回行ったことがありますが、私は一回もありません。 My friend has been to Japan twice but
I have not been there even once.
(回 (かい) is a counter to indicate
frequencies such as three times.
Frequency/amount +も+negative
= not
even)
私は大阪に１回いったことがあります。でも、東京には１回もありません。I
have been to Osaka once but I have not even once been to Tokyo.
(回 (かい) is a counter to indicate
frequencies such as three times.
Frequency/amount +も+negative
= not
even)
私の友達はヨーロッパに３回も行ったことがあります。My friend has been to Europe as many as five times! (frequency/amount +も+ positive = as many as… It indicates a surprise!)
私はラーメンを食べたことがありますが、そばを食べたことはありません。 昨日はラーメンを３回も食べました。 I have eaten ramen
but not buckwheat noodles. Yesterday I ate ramen three times!
私は宿題をしなかったことはありません。I
never fail to do my homework.
日本に行ったことがありますが、もう一度行きたいです。I
have been to Japan but I want to go again.
日本に行ったことはありませんから、行きたいです。Since
I have not been to Japan, I want to go.
Common mistakes:
先週の金曜日にすしを食べたことはありますが、二週間前にそばを食べたことはあります。ŕ 先週の金曜日にはすしを食べたましたが、二週間前にはそばを食べたました。(These
are past events Something happened at a certain past point of time.
These are not taking about past experiences that one has done in the
past period of time such as from birth or some point of time until now.)
Assignment 1-3 A:
Make 5 sentences to describe your experiences with
E.g. 私の友達は日本に２回行ったことがありますが、私は一回もありません。 My friend has been to
Click here to practice with video for “Expressing Experiences.”
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たら condition + sentence in present tense |
たら connects two clauses to mean “if …;
when (and after) ….” It should be followed by a sentence in present tense (not
past tense. If a sentence in past tense is followed, other meanings will
occur.)
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Plain Past form of verb (た forms) + ら、+ another sentence. |
私は本土に行ったら、大阪に知り合いがいるので、大阪や神戸や奈良を訪問したいです。 When I go to the main island, since I have an
acquaintance in
明日じゃなかったら、会えません。If it is not tomorrow (or unless it is
tomorrow), I can not meet (him).
日本で安い着物があったら、着物を買うつもりです。If there is
(if I find) an inexpensive kimono in Japan, I intend to buy kimono.
今夜のパーティーでビールを飲まなかったら、車を運転します。If I do not drink beer at the party, I will drive a car.
この大学にに日本人がいたら、私はその人とデートしたいです。If there is a Japanese at this college, I want to date with the
person.
夜までに宿題がおわらなかったら、今夜の映画には行きません。If I do not finish homework by night, I will not go to the movie
tonight.
Click here to practice this structure with video
Assignment 1-3 B:
Make 5 sentences using this structure.
E.g. 日本語を勉強しなかったら、日本に行きません。 If I did not study Japanese, I do
not go to
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Desire： ほしい/ほしがる/ほしがっている + んです |
In the Chapter 1-1 Desireたいです is introduced. In this section, we will learn how a
speaker try to draw some sympathy/empathy/agreement from a listener by adding ん between
たいand です.
This structure
is only
used in spoken situations. Be careful with to whom you will speak this
type of sentence. You avoid using this
structure when you are talking with a superior professionally since it
can sound immature and whining. Keep it to your friends and colleagues in casual occasions.
In some cases, you can use it with people (even with strangers) when you want to
imply that you are lost and need a help. For example, You are at a
train station, and you cannot figure out
at a ticket vending machine how much your have to pay for a ticket
to your destination. Or you are lost on the
street, and you want someone to help you show a way to your destination.
In such cases, you want to sound as if you desperately need a help. Here are
commonly used phrases to seek for a help on the street,
すみません。 ちょっと おうかがいしたいんですが... Sorry. I would like to ask you a question.(very
polite) すみません。 ちょっと おききしたいんですが...
Sorry. I would like to ask you a question. (neutral)
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Want something: I(わたし）
は something が i-adjective plain form （欲しい） + んです |
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Want to do something: |
Spoken: 私は日本で着物が買いたいんですが、着物は高いんで、浴衣を買うつもりです。 I want to (empathy) buy kimono in
Written: 私は日本で着物が買いたいですが、着物は高いので、浴衣を買うつもりです。
Note: んで is often changed to ので in writing, and it indicates a reason why you do something.
私は日本で着物が買いたいので、他（ほか）のおみやげは買いません。Since I want to buy Kimono in Japan, I do not buy other souvenir (implying that Kimono is expensive and/or I cannot afford anything else but Kimono.)
This structure can be used this way with a hidden implications:
Spoken: 私はきものが欲しいんですが、お金が足りないんです...。 I
want Kimono but I do not have enough money (the money is lacking).
You are implying your parents or your sugar daddy/mommy
おこずかいを少しください
Please
give me some allowance.
Spoken: 私はラーメンが食べたいんですが、一人でラーメン屋に行きたくないんです。I
want to eat Ramen but I do not want to go to a Ramen shop alone,
You are implying your friend...
一緒に行きませんか。Could you go with me? Or you are hoping your fiends to
say "一緒にいきましょう。Shall I will go with you? or Let's go together.")
Spoken: 私は今寝たいんですが、ラジオの音がうるさいんです。I
want to sleep now but radio is too loud.
(You are implying your
housemate 静かにしてください。Please
be quiet.
Or you are hoping your housemate to say "Sorry, I will turn it down.)
Spoken: 私はとてもお腹がすいているんで、ビッグマックが食べたいんですが、最近ちょっと太り気味なんで... I
am so hungry and want to eat a BigMac but I am a bit getting heavy lately...
The implication can be "so I better eat a salad or something less calorie.
Spoken: 晩御飯を食べましたが、今何か甘いものが食べたいんです。
Spoken: 新しい車を買いたいんですが、もう２台もあります。(frequency/amount
+も+
positive =
as many as…) ガレージにペースがないんです。 I
want to buy a car but I already have as many as two cars so I do not have a
space in the garage. (Implication can be several things such as "So I am not buying another one."
or "
Assignment 1-3 C:
Supposed that you are talking with or writing an e-mail to your friends or family
about your desire/ hope. Write 5
sentences using this structure and write to whom you are talking.
E.g. (To my father) 今年の夏、日本に行きたいんですが、お金が足りません。 おこずかいを少しください。(I want to go to
Assignment 1-3 D :
Create/write your interview questions using each grammar above. Write follow-up questions as necessary to enhance the conversation