Adjective Agreement:

There are five types of noun so far, each with its own dictionary form:

first declension (terra, -ae f)
second declension (ventus, -ï m and astrum, astrï n)
third declension (söl, sölis m)
fourth declension (cursus, -üs, m)
fifth declension (rës, rëï, f)

There are only two types of adjectives:

first-and-second-declension (medius, -a, -um). Masculine, feminine, and neuter forms are given in the dictionary form. (To get the stem, drop the –us from the first form. To find the stem for words like pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, observe whether the –er stays or converts to just –r-, just as with nouns.)
third declension (brevis, -e). Masculine/feminine, and neuter forms are given in the dictionary form. To get the stem, drop the –is. (Some third declension adjectives have the form ingens, ingentis, which is the m/f/n nominative form (ingens), plus the genitive (ingentis). Still, get the stem by dropping the –is.)

Nouns and their adjectives agree in gender, number and case, but each word has the endings of its own declension.

magnus piscis, a big fish. magnus, -a, -um is 1st-&-2nd, piscis, piscis m is 3rd; both are m., s., nom.
in marï altö, in the deep sea. mare, maris n is 3rd, altus, -a, -um is 1st-&-2nd; both are n., s., abl.

-PRACTICA 17, 18, 19-

Prepositional Phrases:

Prepositions are words that show relationships between people or things or events. They are always part of a prepositional phrase, which includes the preposition and its object. Whenever you see a preposition, read it together with the word(s) that follow it, as a phrase.

iuxta silvam, next to the forest
circum forum, around the forum
ë näve, out of the ship

In Latin, prepositions change the case of their object. Some prepositions take the accusative case, some take the ablative, and a very few can take both, depending on what they mean.

ab undïs, from the waves. ä/ab takes the ablative case, so undïs is ablative.
per öceanum, through the ocean. per takes the accusative case, so öceanum is accusative.

You have already reviewed the prepositions that take the accusative case; in the following sections you will review the prepositions that take the ablative case.

-PRACTICA 20, 21-

The Ablative Case

Ablative Endings: 1^st, 2^nd, and 3^rd declensions (active use); 4^th and 5^th declensions (recognition)

*decl.*	*1^st*	*2^nd*	*3^rd*	*4^th*	*5^th*
*sing.*	silv-ä	vent-ö	arbor-e	man-ü	r-ë
*pl.*	silv-ïs	vent-ïs	arbor-ibus	man-ibus	r-ëbus

Ablative Pronouns

më	me	nobis	us
të	you	vobis	you pl.
eö, eä, illö	him/her/it	eïs, illïs	them
së	him, her, itself	së	themselves

Uses of the Ablative Case:

(1) as the object of a preposition. These prepositions always go with the ablative case:

ä/ab (+ abl.) from, away from, by; ab arbore, away from the tree
cum (+ abl.) with; cum aliïs virïs, with the other men
dë (+ abl.) down from, about (prep.); dë näve, (down) from the ship; dë Sanctö Brendanö, about St. Brendan
ë/ëx (+ abl.) out of; ë silvä, out of the forest
sine (+ abl.) without; sine aquä, without water

These sometimes do (when showing location rather than motion):

in (+ abl.) in, on; in herbä, in the grass
sub (+ abl.) under sub marï, under the ocean
super (+ abl.) above; super terrä, above the ground

Note: the preposition cum combines with personal pronouns in the following cases:

mëcum	with me	nobiscum	with us
tëcum	with you	vobiscum	with you pl.
sëcum	with him, her, itself	sëcum	with themselves

(2) by itself, with time words, to show when something happens, or the time within which something happens:

tertiä horä nävis ad portum advenit, the ship arrives in port at the third hour.
septimö dië frätrës insulam pulchram vident, on the seventh day the brothers see a beautiful island.
septem diëbus omnia fëcërunt, they did eveything within seven days. (We will see more of this “time within which” usage when we study the perfect tense.)

(3) by itself, to show how or by what means something is done:

belva ad nävem magnä vëlöcitäte nätäbat, the sea-monster was swimming toward the boat with great speed.
fëmina magnä vöce clämäbat, the woman was calling in a great voice (i.e. loudly).
ad Itäliam näve adveniunt, they are arriving in Italy by boat.
manibus librum portat, he carries a book in his hands or with his hands.

-PRACTICA 22, 23-

Verb plus infinitive

An infinitive has the meaning ”to –”:

fugere, to flee
nätäre, to swim

A main verb (technical term: ”finite verb”) has a personal ending and tells who is doing the action:

fugiunt, they flee
nätat, s/he swims

Infinitives are often used in sentences with a main verb.

nätäre temptat, he tries to swim. He tries (temptat) is the main verb, which shows who is doing the action, and the infinitive, to swim (nätäre), completes the action.

abïre volumus We want to leave. We want (volumus) is the main verb, showing the subject, and to leave (abïre) is the infinitive.

Some of the Latin verbs most often used with infinitives are:

temptö, -äre try, attempt. fratrës cibum paräre temptant, the brothers try to prepare their food.
constituö, -ere decide. Sanctus Brendanus in nävem manëre constituit, St. Brendant decides to stay in the ship.
debeö, -ëre ought. debëmus Deum laudäre, we ought to praise God.
incipiö, -ere begin. frätrës timëre incipiunt, the brothers begin to be afraid.
nölö, nölle refuse, not want. nölëbat ad insulam ïre, he did not want to go to the island, or he refused to go to the island. (list continues)
possum, posse can, am able. nön possumus hïc manëre, we cannot remain here.
volö, velle want, wish. frätrës missam cantäre volëbant, the brothers wanted to sing Mass.

iubeö, -ëre, ”command,” is used with a direct object (who is being commanded) and an infinitive (what he is commanded to do).

Brendanus eös iubet ë näve exïre, Brendan orders them to get out of the boat.
magister puerös iubet in selläs sedëre, the teacher orders the children to sit in their chairs.

-PRACTICUM 24-

Reading: Sanctus Brendanus et magna insula

This theme occurs in folk tales from around the world: a huge island that is really not an island at all but a giant sea creature. St. Brendan and the monks approach a strange island; when the boat mysteriously stalls they drag it to land. When the brothers go ashore and are cooking dinner, the “island” awakens and begins to move. Fortunately – or rather, thanks to divine revelation – St. Brendan had stayed in the boat and so is able to save the other monks.

Sanctus Brendanus et frätrës in nävem septem diës per öceanum altum nävigant; octävö dië insulam maximam vident nön procul ä näve. itaque nävigant ad illam insulam. nävis tamen nön potest venïre antequam ad portum* insulae advenit. itaque Sanctus Brendanus frätrës iubet dë näve exïre et funibus* nävem ad insulam trahere.

est autem* illa insula petrösa* sine herbä. silva rära est ibi et in lïtore nihil dë harënä est. illä nocte Sanctus Brendanus in näve manet dum frätrës in insulä dormiunt.

Sanctus Brendanus scit qualis est illa insula, sed nön vult frätribus omnia närräre, ne illï territï essent*. dïcit, “breve tempus in illä insulä manëbimus.*” prïmä lüce Sanctus Brendanus et frätrës missam* cantant*. deinde frätrës, quï piscës dë aliä insulä sëcum habent, illum cibum ë näve portant. ignem faciunt in insulä et cacabum* super ignem ponunt. ligna* in ignem ponunt; ignis magnus est. subitö insula së movere incipit sicut unda.

frätrës territï sunt. Sanctum Brendanum vöcant magnïs vöcibus et ad nävem celeriter currunt. Brendanus eös manibus in nävem trahit. deinde magnä velöcitäte dë insulä fugiunt. frätrës “quod facit illa insula?” rogant. “cür insula per mare movet?”

vir Deï illïs dïcit, “Deus omnia mihi revelävit* häc* nocte per visiönem. insula nön est ubi erämus, sed maximus piscis.” frätrës possunt ignem in “insulam” vidëre super duo miliaria*. tandem piscis, et ignis quï in tergum* eius ardet*, sub undäs it.

*portus, -üs m: port

*funis, funis m: rope

*petrosus, -a, -um: rocky

*autem: indeed, however

*ne . . .essent: “lest (they) should be . . .”

*manëbimus: we will remain

*missa, -ae f: Mass

*cantö (1): sing

*cacabus, -ï m: cooking pot

*lignum, -ï n: wood

*revelävit: (he) revealed

*hac: this (abl.)

*miliaria: miles

*tergum, -ï n: back

ardeö, -ëre: burn

-PRACTICUM 25-

Part IV: Genitive and Dative Cases, Pronouns

What you should be able to do after this review:

Recognize, write and use genitive and dative endings of first, second and third declension words
Recognize genitive and dative endings of fourth and fifth declension words
Recognize genitives with their of/’s meanings, and associate them with their companion word(s) while reading
Recognize dative words and read them as indirect objects (to/for meaning) or with other idiomatic meanings
Know forms of is, ea, id; ille, illa, illud; and hic, haec, hoc
Know and use these terms effectively: indirect object, possession

Vocabulary:

Genitive Case

Genitive Endings

*decl.*	*1st*	*2nd*	*3rd*	*4th*	*5th*
*sing.*	silv-ae	vent-ï	lïtor-is	man-üs	r-eï
*pl.*	silv-ärum	vent-örum	lïtor-um*	man-um	r-eum

The genitive case has a built-in meaning. It can mean "of –", or can be

translated with ’s or s’.

· nävis Brendanï, Brendan’s ship

· amïcus frätrum, the brothers’ friend

Some genitives only work with the ”of –” meaning. (These are called ”partitive genitives” because they indicate part of a whole.)

paucae fëminärum, a few of the women (not the women’s few)
multae navium, many of the ships (not the ships’ many)
pars cibï, part of the food (not the food’s part)

Genitives always work in combination with another word. You never find a

genitive by itself.

· vir Deï, man of God

· lïtus insulae, the island’s shore

When you see a genitive, link it to the word it goes with and read it as a single

phrase.

possumus oculös belvae vidëre! We can see the sea-monster’s eyes!
amïcus puerörum nunc nös vöcat, the boys’ friend is calling us now.

Genitives can come either before or after the word they go with.

ager virï or virï ager, the man’s farm
alae avium or avium alae, the birds’ wings
amïcös fëminärum or fëminärum amïcös, the women’s friends

Showing possession: Rather than using a genitive pronoun to show possession, Latin tends to use a possessive adjective:

meus, -a, -um	my	noster, nostra, nostrum	our
tuus –a –um	your	vester, vestra, vestrum	your
suus, -a, -um	his, her own	suus, -a, -um	their own

In the third person, possession by someone other than the subject is expressed by using the genitive of is, ea, id: eius (his, hers, its), and eörum/ eärum (their/theirs)

An example of the distinction:

Brendanus nävem suam videt, Brendanus sees his (own) ship.
Brendanus nävem eius videt, Brendanus sees his (someone else’s) ship.

-PRACTICUM 26-

Dative Case

Dative Endings

*decl.*	*1st*	*2nd*	*3rd*	*4th*	*5th*
*sing.*	silv-ae	vent-ö	lïtor-ï	man-ü	r-eï
*pl.*	silv-ïs	vent-ïs	lïtor-ibus	man-ibus	r-ëbus

Dative Pronouns

mihi	(to) me	nobis	(to) us
tibi	(to) you	vobis	(to) you pl.
ei, illï	(to) him/her/it	eïs, illïs	(to) them
sibi	(to) him, her, itself	sibi	(to) themselves

Datives, like genitives, have a “built in” meaning, but the dative case can be translated into English in a number of ways. Most often, the words “to” or “for” convey the dative meaning best.

nauta nubës amïcïs ostendëbat, the sailor was showing the clouds to his friends.
auxilium nautïs ferëbämus, we brought help to the sailors.

The dative is often used as an indirect object. A subject performs the action, a direct object receives the action or is intimately involved with it, and the indirect object is the other party involved. (If this definition isn’t helpful, most people find that the examples actually show the concept better.) English has two ways of showing indirect objects: word order, and “to”:

I gave the girl books (uses word order). “I” is the subject, “books” is the direct object, and “the girl” is the indirect object.
I gave books to the girl (uses “to”).
Latin: librös puellae däbam (or puellae librös däbam). Word order does not matter, but the dative case shows that puellae is the indirect object.

Indirect objects are usually found with verbs of showing, saying, or giving:

nauta chartam magiströ ostendit, the sailor shows the map to the captain (or, the sailor shows the captain the map)
Deus omnia hominibus dat, God gives everything to humans (or, God gives humans everything)
Brendanus fäbuläs frätribus närräbat, Brendan told stories to the monks (or, Brendan told the monks stories)

So, when you encounter a verb of showing, saying, or giving, be alert for a dative noun with an indirect object meaning. Verbs to watch:

dö, dare give (and trädö, -ere hand over; reddö, -ere give back, et.)
narrö (1) tell
dïcö, -ere say
ostendö, -ere show

There are several other uses of the dative case:

with names: nömen mihi est Brendanus, my name is Brendan (lit., the name to me is Brendan).
to show possession: est eï fräter, he has a brother (lit., there is a brother to him).
with certain words:

obviam (to meet): virï illae insulae obviam frätribus veniunt, the men of that island are coming to meet the brothers. (You could think of obviam as a preposition that goes with the dative case!)

-PRACTICUM 27-

The –ius declension

Some of the most common words in Latin are pronouns (words that stand for nouns) and demonstrative adjectives (words like this, that, etc., that describe nouns), which have irregular but related forms. Some of the most common:

· is, ea, id he she, it

· ille, illa, illud that; he, she, it

· hic, haec, hoc this

· quïdam, quaedam, quoddam a certain . . .

· quï, quae, quod who, which (the “relative pronoun”)

These words, plus several other adjectives (including nullus, -a, -um, no; solus, sola, solum, alone, and unus, -a, -um, one), belong to a kinda-sorta declension called the –ius declension. They have many irregularities but follow a basic pattern of endings, which is outlined below.

ius-Declension: Basic Pattern

(Look over this declension while referring to a basic 1^st-&-2^nd declension chart – the *’s indicate differences.)

*Case*	*Masculine*	*Feminine*	*Neuter*
*Singular*
*nom.*	---*	---*	---*
*acc.*	-um	-am	---*
*gen.*	-ius*	-ius*	-ius*
*dat.*	-ï*	-ï*	-ï*
*abl.*	-ö	-ä	-ö
*Plural*
*nom.*	-ï	-ae	-a
*acc.*	-ös	-äs	-a
*gen.*	-örum	-ärum	-örum
*dat.*	-ïs (-ibus)	-ïs (-ibus)	-ïs (-ibus)
*abl.*	-ïs (-ibus)	-ïs (-ibus)	-ïs (-ibus)

What distinguishes this declension:

· -ius as the genitive singular and –ï for the dative singular (for all genders).

· a pattern that is similar to regular 1^st-&-2^nd declension adjectives in most places

· plurals that in many cases are exactly like regular 1^st-&-2^nd declension adjectives

· most of its words are a little irregular. What this means is, it may be difficult to actively learn all the forms of any one word; on the other hand, if you know the fundamental pattern, you will be able to recognize or at least give a good guess to the case of any given word in the declension.

-PRACTICUM 28-

Recognition vs. active knowledge:

Obviously, when you know something actively you also recognize it more accurately when you encounter it in reading. But it is possible to recognize the case of words, or at least be in a position to make a good guess, even when you do not have full active knowledge of them.

At this point, we are going for active knowledge of the three most important members of this declension:

is, ea, id, s/he, it
ille, illa, illud, that, s/he, it
hic, haec, hoc, this

We are going for recognition of some others:

nullus, -a, -um, no
solus, sola, solum, alone
quï, quae, quod, who, which
quïdam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain (-dam remains the same while the forms of qui- change.

Hic, haec, hoc

This is probably the most irregular of the –ius declension, because of the final –c sound that attaches to its forms and makes all of the singular endings at least look unusual. Look for the –ius declension forms behind the –c, though, and the pattern of hic, haec, hoc will be clearer.

*Case*	*Masculine*	*Feminine*	*Neuter*
*Singular*
*nom.*	hic	haec	hoc
*acc.*	hunc	hanc	hoc
*gen.*	huius	huius	huius
*dat.*	huic	huic	huic
*abl.*	höc	häc	höc
*Plural*
*nom.*	hï	hae	haec
*acc.*	hös	häs	haec
*gen.*	hörum	härum	hörum
*dat.*	hïs	hïs	hïs
*abl.*	hïs	hïs	hïs

Note that the –c disappears in the plural forms which are like regular 1^st-&-2^nd declension adjectives (except for neuter nom. & acc. haec).

Hic, haec, hoc means “this” (singular) and “these” (plural):

hic vir më vocäbat, this man was calling me.
Brendanus hös virös cürat, St. Brendan cares for these men.
haec verba dïcit, he says these words.
häc nocte amïcï adveniunt, this night (i.e. tonight) friends are arriving.

Often it is used substantively (i.e. like a noun):

hoc fëcit, he did this.
haec fëcit, he did these things.
hï sunt amïcï, illï nön, these men are friends, those are not.

-PRACTICUM 29-

Sanctus Brendanus in insulä avium

Brendan and the monks arrive in a beautiful island, where the spring at the source of a river provides them with a paradisical resting place. A tree covered with beautiful white birds provides a surprise when the head bird tells Brendan their story. Created by Lucifer in the rebellion against God, they nevertheless remained free of sin, and therefore God granted them the gift of roaming the world as spirits, except on holy days when they praise God in the form of birds.

frätrës trës dïës nävigant; deinde aliam insulam vident, herbösam et plënam arboribus flöribusque. portum quaerere incipiunt; circum insulam nävigant. tandem flümen parvum inveniunt quod in mare fluit ibique navem ad terram mittunt. Brendanus frätrës iubet navem per flümen funibus trahere. (erat autem illud flümen tam latum sicut latitudo* illius navis.) vir Deï in nave sedet et frätrës ita faciunt per spacium* unius miliariï*. tandem ad fontem flüminis adveniunt.

dïcit Sanctus Brendanus, ”ecce Dominus, noster Jhesus Christus nobis dat locum ubi manëre possumus.” et dïcit, ”ille fons nobis däbit* et cibum et potum*.

erat prope illum locum arbor mirae* latitudinis*. in häc arbore sedent plürimae avës candidissimae. frätrës folia*et ramös* arboris vix vidëre possunt. ubi avës videt, vir Deï intra së cogitäre incipit, et Deum orat: ”tu omnia scis; per magnam misericordiam* tuam, narrä* mihi tuum secretum. quï sunt illae avës?”

subitö una ex illïs avibus dë arbore volat et sedet in prorä* navis ubi erat vir Deï. avis aläs* incipit extendere quasi signum laetitiae*. Brendanus avï dïcit, ”quis es?” avis eum salütat et eï dïcit, ”nös sumus dë illä magnä ruinä* antiquï hostis.* sed nös nön peccavimus*; itaque Deus nös alienävit* ab aliïs quï peccaverunt.* nunc beatï sumus. spïrïtüs sumus, quï per diversës partës aëris et caelï et terrärum volämus, sicut aliï spïrïtüs Deï. sed in sanctïs diëbus atque dominicïs*, habëmus corpora sicut tu nunc vidës. ubi cantämus*, Deum laudämus.”

*latitudo, -inis f: width

*spacium, -ï n: space, distance

*miliarius, -ï m: mile

*däbit: future tense, he will give

*potus, -üs m: drink

*mirus, -a, -um: amazing

*folium, -ï n: leaf

*ramus, -ï m: branch

*misericordia, -ae f: mercy, pity

*narrä: tell (command)

*prora, -ae f: prow (of a ship)

*ala, -ae f: wing

*laetitia, -ae f: happiness

*ruina, -ae f: ruin, destruction

*antiquï hostis, the ancient enemy (gen.): i.e. Lucifer’s rebellion

*peccävimus: we sinned (perfect)

alienävit: separated

*peccäverunt: they sinned (perfect)

*dominicïs: Sundays

*canto (1): sing

PRACTICUM 30

Part III: