Future Tense

Meaning: The future tense in Latin (like the future tense in English) describes events in the future:

· Römänï të ä familiä trahent, the Romans will drag you from your family.

· in agrïs alienörum dominörum laböräbis, you will work in the fields of foreign masters.

Forming the Future Tense: The future tense is formed in two different ways: one method for the first and second conjugations; one method for the third, third-io, and fourth conjugations.

First and second conjugations:

Step one: find the present stem of the verb:

cläm-ö, shout
ten-eö, hold

Step two: add the characteristic vowel of that conjugation, -ä- for first, -ë- for second.

Step three: add the future endings:

I	-bö
you s.	-bis
s/he, it	-bit
we	-bimus
you pl.	-bitis
they	-bunt

Sample conjugations of the future tense:

clamö, -äre (1^st) shout		teneö, -ëre (2^nd) hold
clämäbö	I will shout	tenëbö	I will hold
clämäbis	you will shout	tenëbis	you will hold
clämäbit	s/he will shout	tenëbit	s/he will hold
clämäbimus	we will shout	tenëbimus	we will hold
clämäbitis	you will shout	tenëbitis	you will hold
clämäbunt	they will shout	tenëbunt	they will hold

-PRACTICUM 8.1-

Third and fourth conjugations: For these conjugations, only a vowel change distinguishes most forms of the future tense endings from the present tense.

· Step one: find the present stem:

o düc-ö lead

o serv-iö serve

· Step two: attach the future endings for the conjugation:

	3^rd conjugation	3-io and 4^th
I	-am	-iam
you s.	-ës	-iës
s/he	-et	-iet
we	-ëmus	-iëmus
you pl.	-ëtis	-iëtis
they	-ent	-ient

Sample Conjugations of the future tense (3^rd, 3^rd-io, 4^th conjugations)

dücö, -ere (3^rd) lead		serviö, -ïre (4^th) serve (as a slave)
düc-am	I will lead	serv-iam	I will serve
düc-ës	you will lead	serv-iës	you will serve
düc-et	s/he will lead	serv-iet	s/he will serve
düc-ëmus	we will lead	serv-iëmus	we will serve
düc-ëtis	you will lead	serv-iëtis	you will serve
düc-ent	they will lead	serv-ient	they will serve

Irregular Verbs:

sum, esse has its own future tense forms; possum, posse is based on them:

sum, esse, fuï, futurus be		possum, posse, potuï be able
erö	I will be	pot-erö	I will be able
eris	you be	pot-eris	you will be able
erit	s/he will be	pot-erit	s/he will be able
erimus	we will be	pot-erimus	we will be able
eritis	you will be	pot-eritis	you will be able
erunt	they will be	pot-erunt	they will be able

eö, ïre has forms that resemble the 1^st and 2^nd conjugation pattern; other irregular verbs follow the third and fourth declension pattern :

eö, ïre go		ferö, ferre (carry, bear) – feram, ferës, feret, ferëmus, ferëtis, ferent I will carry, you will carry, etc. volö, velle (wish, want) – volam, volës, volet, volëmus, volëtis, volent I will want, you will want, etc.
ï-bö	I will go
ï -bis	you will go
ï -bit	s/he will go
ï -bimus	we will go
ï -bitis	you will go
ï -bunt	they will go

-PRACTICA 8. 2-3-

The future perfect tense

Forming the future perfect tense:

· Step one: find the perfect stem.

o surgö, -ere, surrexï, surrectus ® surrex-

o vincö, -ere, vïcï, victus ® vïc-

· Step two: add the future perfect endings:

I	-erö
you s.	-eris
s/he, it	-erit
we	-erimus
you pl.	-eritis
they	-erint

Sample conjugations

vincö, -ere, vïcï, victus, conquer		surgö, -ere, surrexï, surrectus, rise
vïc-erö	I will have conquered	surrex-erö	I will have risen
vïc-eris	you will have conquered	surrex-eris	you will have risen
vïc-erit	s/he will have conquered	surrex-erit	s/he will have risen
vïc-erimus	we will have conquered	surrex-erimus	we will have risen
vïc-eritis	you will have conquered	surrex-eritis	you will have risen
vïc-erint	they will have conquered	surrex-erint	they will have risen

-PRACTICUM 8.4-

Using the future perfect tense:

Meaning: Although “will have –ed” is the “official” meaning of the future perfect tense, you will seldom really use this awkward translation! Because of differences in how English and Latin describe future events, you will usually translate it as a simple present tense.

Conditional Clauses: Latin future perfect tense appears most often in a particular type of clause, one which describes potential events in the future. So you will generally see it in a subordinate clause introduced by sï, if, or cum, when (note the new meaning for cum!) For example:

· sï Römam advëneris, multa mïra vidëbis, if you come to Rome, you will see many amazing things. Translating advëneris as, “you will have come” makes awkward English. In real usage, a simple present tense will get the meaning across better.

· cum dominus hös servös manümïserit, illï civës Römänï erunt, when the master frees these slaves, they will be Roman citizens. Although manümïserit is future perfect, it makes more sense in English when translated as frees rather than will have freed.

Cum vs. cum: cum is actually two words:

cum + ablative (preposition): with
cum (conjunction): when

How do you tell them apart?

If cum is followed by a word in the ablative, chances are it’s with:

cum puellïs in hortö sedëbant, they were sitting in the garden with the girls. puellïs is ablative, so cum puellïs is a prepositional phrase and cum means with.

If cum is not followed by an ablative, then it probably means when, and is part of a subordinate clause.

cum puellae domum advënerint, in hortö sedëbunt, when the girls arrive home, they will sit in the garden. puellae is not ablative, so cum means when.

-PRACTICUM 8.5-

Pronoun Review

First and second person: This chart provides an overview and review of first person (I/we) and second person (you) pronouns:

*nom.*	ego	I	tu	you
*acc.*	më	me	të	you
*gen.*	(meus, -a, -um)	my	(tuus, -a, -um)	your
*dat.*	mihi	(to) me	tibi	(to) you
*abl.*	më	me	të	you

*nom.*	nös	we	vös	you (pl.)
*acc.*	nös	us	vös	you (pl.)
*gen.*	(noster, -tra, -trum)	our	(vester, -tra, -trum)	your (pl.)
*dat.*	nobis	(to) us	vobis	(to) you (pl.)
*abl.*	nobis	us	vobis	you (pl.)

Examples:

· më vöcat, he is calling me

· mihi dixit, he said to me

· sine nobis fugiës, you will flee without us

· vös monuimus, we warned you

Third person: As we have seen, is, ea, id and ille, illa, illud serve as pronouns for the third person. Latin also uses së and its forms for him(self), her(self), and them(selves) (note that së can be singular and plural, masculine and feminine):

*nom.*	---	--
*acc.*	së	him, her, them (self/selves)
*gen.*	(suus, -a, -um)	his, her, their (own)
*dat.*	sibi	(to) him, her, them (self/selves)
*abl.*	së	him, her, them (self/selves)

Examples:

vir sibi dixit, “quid facimus?” the man said to himself, “what are we doing?”
fëminae sibi dixërunt, “quid facimus?” the women said to themselves, “what are we doing?”
mïles ad proelium së parävit, the soldier prepared himself for battle.
mïlitës ad proelium së parävërunt, the soldiers prepared themselves for battle.

Pronouns with cum: These pronouns combine with cum (with) to make one-word prepositional phrases:

· mëcum, with me

· tëcum, with you

· sëcum, with him/her/themselves

· nobiscum, with us

· vobiscum, with you

Showing possession: As we have seen, Latin uses possessive adjectives (instead of genitive pronouns like English my and your) to show possession. Like all adjectives, possessive adjectives agree with the word they modify:

amïcus meus, my friend (nom.)
dominum nostrum, our master (acc.)
dominam nostram, our mistress (acc.)
dominä tuä, your mistress (abl.)
ancilläs vesträs, your (pl.) slave women (acc.)

suus, -a, -um vs. eius/eörum: suus, -a, -um means his/her/their (own), and is a possessive adjective. eius means his/hers or of him/ of her, and eörum means their/ of them. Which do you use when?

suus, -a, -um is used to describe things that “belong” to the subject of the sentence:

puella in hortö suö sedet, the girl is sitting in her (own) garden.
mïles ad rëgem suum festïnävit, the soldier hurries to his (own) king.

eius / eörum desribes things that “belong” to someone other than the subject of the sentence.

puella in hortö eius sedet, the girl is sitting in his/her garden (i.e. somebody else’s). puella is the subject, so eius shows the garden is not hers.
mïles ad rëgem eörum festïnävit, the soldier hurries to their king (i.e. not his own king). mïles is the subject, so the use of eörum shows he is hurrying to “their” king – someone else’s, not his own.

-PRACTICA 8.6-7-

Nölö and mälö

We have seen the irregular verb volö, velle, wish, want, prefer. volö has two important compounds:

· nölö, nölle: refuse, not want

· mälö, mälle: prefer, want more/ in preference.

The forms of all three are parallel:

	*volö, velle*	*nölö, nölle*	*mälö, mälle*
*Present tense*
I	volö	nölö	mälö
you	vïs	nön vïs	mävïs
s/he	vult	nön vult	mävult
we	volumus	nölumus	mälumus
you	vultis	nön vultis	mävultis
they	volunt	nölunt	mälunt

*Imperfect*
I	volëbam	nölëbam	mälëbam
you	volëbas	nölëbas	mälëbas
s/he	(etc., regular forms)	(etc., regular forms)	(etc., regular forms)
*Perfect*
I	voluï	nöluï	mäluï
you	voluistï	nöluistï	mäluistï
s/he	(etc., regular forms)	(etc., regular forms)	(etc., regular forms)
*Future*
I	volam	nölam	mälam
you	volës	nölës	mälës
s/he	(etc., regular forms)	(etc., regular forms)	(etc., regular forms)
*Imperative*
sing.	--	nölï	--
pl.	--	nölïte	--

-PRACTICUM 8. 8-

Reading: dolörës servitütis

servus catënïs alligatus in forö stat; ibi venditus dominum novum serviet.

In the (fictional) speech that follows, a barbarian chieftan addresses the men of his people, who must soon face the invading Romans in battle. To encourage them to fight bravely and to the death, he outlines the horrors of slavery that await each man and his family if the Romans conquer and enslave them. While the speech is fictional, the horrors of slavery it depicts are entirely real. Conquered peoples, at least under some circumstances, could expect to be enslaved, and slaves faced terrible suffering. They were often separated from their families, either immediately or upon sale. They might ultimately be separated from anyone who had shared their culture – or who even spoke their language.

Slaves lost all rights over their own person, so that a master could beat, kill, or sexually use them as he pleased. Some slave owners had only one or two slaves, in which case the slave would do many kinds of work to make that master’s life easier. On the other hand, many slaves were bought for industry: farming, shipping (rowing a galley), or work in the mines. Many of these slaves could expect prison-like conditions. Some slaves had a better standard of living, working as house slaves for the wealthy or in managerial positions in a master’s business. But vernae, or people born into slavery, were prefered for these prime positions.

While the conditions of slavery were fundamentally degrading and often brutal, the possibility of winning freedom encouraged slaves to tolerate slavery and work with the system in hopes of ultimately escaping it. Legally freed slaves were able to gain citizenship rights (as we will see in the next section), and their children would be full Roman citizens. Although legally the master owned everything a slave possessed, in practice slaves were usually allowed to earn and keep money, which they could use to buy their freedom or the freedom of a loved one. Many masters freed slaves, either individually for good service, or in their wills (though Roman law put a limit on how many slaves could be manumitted at once: about half of those owned for most slave owners). Some freed slaves became prosperous –even wealthy and important – Roman citizens.

But one thing this fictional chieftan is right about – if conquered in war and enslaved, a person would instantly lose everything, from homeland to language and culture to family, that gives life meaning, and would have to struggle hard to survive, let alone find contentment, in the world of slavery.

Römänï ad agrös, ad domüs nosträs mox advenient. necesse est fortiter pugnäre; sï Römänï nös vïcerint, vïtae nostrae pessimae erunt. victös ab hostibus, catënïs* alligätös*, Römänï nös in servitütem trahent. et mors multö melior est quam servitüs.

sï Römänï nös in servitütem duxerint, ä familiä, ab amïcïs nös rapient. uxörem ä maritö, fïliam ä mätre, sorörem ä frätre saevissimë trahent. nös omnës singulös in urbibus alienïs vendent; numquam uxörës, numquam matrës, numquam fïliös fïliäsve vidëbïmus.

spectäte fïliös veströs, quï nunc lïberï in patriä suä crescunt.* sï Römänï eös in servitütem duxerint, numquam eandem lïbertätem cognoscent. aut in agrïs laböräbunt, aut in nävibus remigäbunt*, aut – fätum pessimum! ad metällä* missï, usque* ad mortem sub terrä laböräbunt. numquam lïbertätem cognoscent quam vös nunc habetis . . .

etsï puer fëlix fuerit, et in casä nöbilï servïverit – tamen omnia quae dominus iubet, facere debëbit. lïbertätem nesciet; vïtam servïlem aget. etsï dominus eum manümïserit, numquam ad terram lïberam redïre poterit; patria nostra, urbs nostra, ä Römänïs dëstructae ab orbe terrärum evanuerint.*

et infëlicissimum est fätum fëminärum. Römänï eäs lacrimantës ä familiïs trahent; sï mïlitës eäs rapere voluerint, id facient. ductae ad forum urbis novae, miserae ibi stäbunt; omnës praetereuntës eäs spectäre, eäs et tangere* poterunt. in terrä novä venditae, ad dominös novös missae, fëminae vestrae in casïs hostium laböräbunt.

sï ancillae fuerint, vïtae eärum durae erunt: prïmä lüce surgent, fïliös dominae curäbunt, aquam portäbunt, omnia quae domina iubet, facient. nölle nön poterunt: sï nöluerint, domina eäs verberäbit*. quoque sï dominae nön placuerint*, illa eäs verberäre* poterit. et dominus – sï dominus voluerit, eäs ad lectum iubere poterit; quoque eäs servïs pessimïs dare poterit.

spectäte illam fïliam, quae prope mätrem stat, puppam manibus tenëns. eam magnopere dïligis, nunc debës eam dëfendere. sï ancilla facta erit*, dominam Römänam serviet, lacrimäbit dum labörat, semper parentës patriamque desïderäns. haec est vïta ancillae.

necesse est nobis aut fortiter pugnäre, aut servï in domum hostium vïtam agere. itaque vös paräte ad proelium; fortiter pugnäte; nölïte mortem timëre. sed servitütem timëte, et servitütem uxörum parentum fïliörumque.

*catëna, -ae f: chain

*alligö (1): bind, tie

*crescö, -ere, crëvï, cretus: grow

*remigö (1): row

*metallum –ï n: mine

*usque ad: until, to the point of

*ëvänescö, -ere, ëvänuï: vanish

*tangö, -ere: touch

*placeö, -ëre, placuï, placitus: be pleasing to (+ dative)

*verberö (1): beat

*puppa, -ae f: doll

*facta erit: future perfect from fiö, fierï

-PRACTICA 8.9-10-

Part II: Lëgës

Vocabulary

Recognition Vocabulary

actio, actiönis f action, act of doing something

condicio, -önis f condition

divisio, -önis f division

persona, -ae f person (in a legal sense)

pertineö, -ëre, -tinuï, -tentus pertain

The Relative Pronoun

Forms of the Relative Pronoun: We have already seen the nominative forms of the relative pronoun, quï, quae, quod who, which. The relative pronoun is used in other cases as well. Here is the complete paradigm of the relative pronoun:

*Case*	*Masculine*	*Feminine*	*Neuter*
*Singular*
*nom.*	quï	quae	quod
*acc.*	quem	quam	quod
*gen.*	cuius	cuius	cuius
*dat.*	cui	cui	cui
*abl.*	quö	quä	quö
*Plural*
*nom.*	quï	quae	quae
*acc.*	quös	quäs	quae
*gen.*	quörum	quärum	quörum
*dat.*	quibus	quibus	quibus
*abl.*	quibus	quibus	quibus

Meaning: The relative pronoun means “who, whom, which” (etc.)

nömen servö quï Cicerönem adiuvit est Tïro. The name of the slave who helped Cicero is Tiro.
nübes quae trans caelum volant sunt candidissimae. The clouds which fly across the sky are very white.

Relative clauses: Relative pronouns are always part of a relative clause within a main sentence.

domina (quam servï serväverant) eös continuö manümïsit, the mistress (whom the slaves had saved) immediately freed them. quam (f., s.) stands for domina. The relative clause begins with quam and extends through the verb.
vir (quï adversus populum Römänum pugnävit) numquam cïvis Römänus fit, the man (who has fought against the Roman people) never becomes a Roman citizen. quï (m., s.) begins the relative clause, which extends through the verb.
servï (ä quibus domina serväta est,) nunc sunt lïbertï, the slaves (by whom the mistress was saved), are now freedmen. Because quibus is the object of a preposition, the relative clause starts with the preposition ä and runs through the verb.

Antecedent: The relative pronoun stands for a word earlier in the sentence. This word is called its antecedent:

nävis (quae prope mare stäbat) nunc ad Graeciam nävigat. The ship which was standing by the shore is now sailing for Greece. quae stands for nävis; nävis is the antecedent.
puer, (cuius amïcï ad flümen cucurrerat,) nunc eös vidëre potuit. The boy, whose friends had run to the river, could now see them. cuius stands for puer, which is the antecedent.
servï (quï in casä dominörum labörant) fëliciörës sunt aliïs servïs, slaves who work in the house of their masters are more fortunate than other slaves. quï stands for servï, which is the antecedent.

Agreement: The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number.

leönës (quï in harënä pugnant) sunt saevissimï, the lions which fight in the arena are very savage. leönës is masculine and plural, so quï is masculine and plural.
leönës (quös fëmina misera vïdit) erant saevissimï, sed eï nön nocuërunt. The lions which the unfortunate woman saw were very savage, but they did not hurt her. leönës is masculine and plural, so quös is masculine and plural.
leö (quem servus fugitïvus adiüverat) eï nön nocuit, the lion which the runaway slave had helped did not harm him. leo is masculine and singular, so quem is masculine and singular.

Case: Though relative pronouns agree with their antecedent in gender and number, they can take any case in their own clause.

servï (ä quibus domina serväta est), nunc sunt libertï, the slaves by whom the mistress was saved, are now freedmen. servï and quibus are both masculine and plural, but servï is nominative (as the subject) in the main clause (the slaves . . . are now freedmen), and quibus is ablative (as object of a preposition) in the relative clause (by whom the mistress was saved).
servus beatus est (cui dominus benignus est), The slave whose master is kind to him, is happy. servus and cui are both masculine and singular, but servus is the subject of the main clause (the slave is happy), while cui is dative in its clause (whose master is kind [or, to whom the master is kind]).
ancillae (quärum fïliï venditï sunt) lacrimäbant dum laböräbant, the slave women whose children were sold, wept while they worked. ancillae and quärum are both feminine and plural, but ancillae is nominative in its clause (the women wept) while quärum is genitive in its clause (whose children were sold).

Words related to the relative pronoun:

These words follow the forms of the relative pronoun, with a suffix attached. For their forms (for recognition only), see the chapter appendix.

quïdam, quaedam, quoddam a certain
quïcumque, quaecumque, quocumque whoever, whichever, whatever

-PRACTICA 8.11-13-
Perfect Passive

Passive Voice: Latin verbs, like English verbs, have active and passive forms. Compare the following sentences:

active verb: mäter fïliam amävit, the mother loved her daughter.

s do v s v do

passive verb: fïlia ä mätre amäta est, the daughter was loved by her mother.

s pp v s v pp

Forming the perfect passive:

Step 1: Find the fourth principle part of the verb, the perfect passive participle:

capiö, -ere, cëpï, captus
mittö, -ere, mïsï, missus

Step 2: As a separate word, add the present tense forms of sum, esse:

I	sum
you s.	es
s/he, it	est
we	sumus
you pl.	estis
they	sunt

Examples:

· captus est, he was captured

· ductus est, he was led

· missus est, he was sent

· vulnerätus est, he was wounded

Step 3: Make the participle agree with the subject in gender and number (the case will always be nominative):

vir captus est, the man was captured (masculine singular)
fëmina capta est, the woman was captured (feminine singular)
oppidum captum est, the town was captured (neuter singular)
virï captï sunt, the men were captured (masculine plural)
fëminae captae sunt, the women were captured (feminine plural)
oppida capta sunt, the towns were captured (neuter plural)

Sample perfect passive forms with translations:

mittö, -ere, mïsï, missus, send		servö, -äre, -ävï, -ätus save
missus/a/um sum	I was sent	servätus/a/um sum	I was saved
missus/a/um es	you were sent	servätus/a/um es	you were saved
missus/a/um est	s/he was sent	servätus/a/um est	s/he was saved
missï/ae/a sumus	we were sent	servätï/ae/a sumus	we were saved
missï/ae/a estis	you were sent	servätï/ae/a estis	you were saved
missï/ae/a sunt	they were sent	servätï/ae/a sunt	they were saved

Using the perfect passive:

Compare the following phrases:

*Active Verb*	*Passive Verb*
Römänï fëminäs cëperunt, the Romans captured the women	fëminae ä Römänïs captae sunt, the women were captured by the Romans
dominus servum manümïsit, the master manumitted the slave	servus ä dominö manümissus est, the slave was manumitted by his master
ignis casäs dëstruit, fire destroyed the houses	casae igne dëstructae sunt, the houses were destroyed by fire

Since you have been using the perfect passive participle, you are well prepared to recognize perfect passive verbs. The only difficulty is translating the forms of sum, esse as “was/were” instead of “is/are”:

Perfect Passive Participle: servus ä dominö liberätus, the slave freed by his master . .
Perfect Passive Verb: servus ä dominö liberätus est, the slave was freed by his master

-PRACTICUM 8.14-

Laws about slaves

Gaius: Institütionum commentäriï quattuor

In a society where some people had rights comparable to those in the modern United States, while other people could be raped, tortured or killed at a master’s whim, exact definition of these rights and who had them, was obviously a key issue. Gaius collected and outlined Roman law on slave status as it stood in approximately 160 CE. He begins by looking at key divisions in status: among all people, then among free-born people, some of whom would be ex-slaves. He describes under what conditions freed slaves could obtain the rights that might eventually be theirs, including the right of Roman citizenship.

The passages below are minimally adapted – in other words, they are very close to the Latin that a Roman advocate or magistrate would have consulted to refresh his memory on key issues. It is not easy reading – just as English legal writing is not easy – but it is highly structured, which for some learning types will make it easier. As you read remember that this is an outline of laws, and expect it to contrast different states and actions.

Legal categories and terms:

These terms reflect some of the different statuses of people living within the Roman Empire at the time Gaius was writing, in the 160’s CE. Watch for them in the reading below.

ancilla: a slave woman (see servus)
cïvis Römänus /Römäna: a Roman citizen, with full rights and protections under the law
cïvis Latïnus /Latïna: a Latin citizen, who had some citizenship rights but not the same level of protection as full Roman citizens
dëditïcius: etymologically dëditïcius means “surrendered,” and dëditïciï were subjects of the Roman empire by defeat or surrender who had no rights.
ingenuus (ingenua): someone who is free and was born free
lïbertus (lïberta): a freedman or freedwoman (someone who had once been enslaved but had since been set free)
lïbertïnus, -a, -um: of the class of freedmen/freedwomen.
manümittö, -ere (or, manü mittö, -ere): to set someone free from slavery (manumit). (For the slave to obtain any rights, it was necessary for this manumission to be officially recorded by a magistrate.)
servus: a slave, with essentially no rights, subject to his master.

Gaius’s Institutes: When you are trying to explain the entirety of law, one of the first things you must consider is the broad areas which law addresses. Gaius defines these in section II, dë iüris divisiöne. After this, Gaius focuses on the most important area of law: defining human statuses (section III and following): dë condiciöne hominum.

II. dë iüris dïvisiöne. 8. omne autem iüs, quö utimur*, vel ad personäs pertinet vel ad rës vel ad actionës. sed prius videämus* dë personïs.

III. dë condiciöne hominum. 9. et quidem summa divisio dë iüre personärum haec est, quod omnës hominës aut lïberï sunt aut servï. 10. Rursus* lïberörum hominum aliï ingenuï sunt, aliï lïbertinï. 11. Ingenuï sunt, quï lïberï natï sunt*; lïbertinï, quï ex iustä servitüte manümissï sunt. 12. Rursus lïbertinörum tria sunt genera: nam aut civës Römänï aut Latinï aut dëditïciörum numerö sunt. dë quibus singulïs dispiciämus*; ac* prius dë dëditïciïs.

*utimur: we use (+ ablative)

*videämus: let us see, let us consider

*rursus: then again; on the other hand

*natï sunt: were born

*dispiciämus: let us consider

*ac = sed

In section IV, Gaius describes how if a slave had committed certain sorts of crime or received certain sorts of punishment, and was freed afterwards, he would be considered “among the dëditïciï,” subjects without rights. Section V goes on to define the legal implications of the term peregrïnï dëditïciï, literally surrendered foreigners.

Reading Note: modö is used in two different ways here. The first time we see it is is from the word modus, -ï m, manner or means. The last times we see it, it is modo . . . modo, sometimes . . . other times.

V. dë peregrïnïs dëditïciïs. 14. vöcantur* autem “peregrïnï dëditïciï” hï, quï quondam adversus populum Romanum pugnävërunt, deinde victï së dëdiderunt. 15. huius ergo* turpitüdinis* servï quocumque modö et cuiuscumque aetätis manümissï, numquam aut cïvës Römänï aut Latïnï fiunt, sed omnï modö dëditïciörum numerö constituuntur*. 16. sï vero in nullä talï turpitüdine sit* servus, manümissus modo cïvem Römänum modo Latïnum fit.

* vocantur: (they) are called

*ergo: indeed

*turpitüdo, -inis f: disgrace

*constituuntur: they are considered

*sit = est

With so many slaves working on central Italy, clearly many children were born into slavery. Traditional law was that a child took the status of its mother, so children born to slave women (even if the master was their father) were slaves. Gaius considers a complication: what if a child was conceived in slavery, but born after its mother was manumitted? And he points out a subtlety in how status (status, statüs m) is determined: one way for children conceived out of wedlock (illegitimë, illegitimately), another way for children conceived in wedlock (legitimë).

89. sï ancilla ex cïve Römänö concëperit,* deinde manümissa pepererit,* quï nascitur*, lïber nascitur. nam hï, quï illegitimë concipiuntur*, statum habent ex eö tempore, quö nascuntur. itaque sï ex lïbera nascuntur, lïberï fiunt. nec interest*, ex quö mäter eös concëperit, cum ancilla fuerit. at hï, quï legitimë concipiuntur, ex conceptiönis tempore statum sumunt.

*concipiö, -ere, -cepï, -ceptum: conceive (a child)

*pariö, -ere, peperï, partus: give birth, bring forth

*nascitur/nascuntur: is/are born

*concipiuntur: are conceived (passive)

*nec interest: it does not matter

-PRACTICA 8. 15-16-

Lives of Lïbertï:

The Funeral Monument of Aurelia Philematium

This monument was commissioned in about 80 CE by a freed slave, Lucius Aurelius Hermia, for his wife, who had been his fellow slave and who had joined him in freedom. Hermia had apparently found prosperity as a butcher – he had the resources to commission this worthy funeral monument – and he praises his wife with the terms customary for freeborn Roman women of all classes, noting her affection, chastity, fidelity, and dutiful behavior.

The spelling in this monument is sometimes unusual (e.g. faato for fato, veixsit for vixit, conleibertus for conlibertus), and like all inscriptions, some elements are abbreviated (e.g. LL for Lucii libertus) but with the aid of the translation, you will be able to follow a fair amount of the Latin.

Lucius Aurelius Hermia, freedman of Lucius, a butcher of the Viminal Hill.

She who went before me in death, my one and only wife, chaste in body, a loving woman of my heart possessed, lived faithful to her faithful man; in fondness equal to her other virtues, never during bitter times did she shrink from loving duties.

Aurelia Philematium, freedwoman of Lucius.

In life, I was named Aurelia Philematium, a woman chaste and modest, knowing not the crowd, faithful to her man. My man was a fellow-freedman; he was also in very truth over and above a father to me; and alas, I have lost him.

Seven years old was I when he, even he, took me to his bosom; forty years old - and I am in the power of violent death. He through my constant loving duties flourished at all seasons . . .

L. Aurelius Hermia Lucii libertus, lanius de colle Viminale

h]aec, quae me faato praecessit, corpore casto c]oniunxs una meo praedita amans animo f]ido fida viro veixsit, studio parili qum nulla in avaritie cessit ab officio.

Aurelia Lucii liberta Philematio

viva Philematium sum Aurelia nominitata casta pudens, volgei nescia, feida viro vir conleibertus fuit, eidem, quo careo eheu, ree fuit ee vero plus superaque parens.

septem me naatam annorum gremio ipse recepit, (quadraginta) annos nata necis potior. ille meo officio adsiduo florebat ad omnis . . .

Sources: Picture: http://www.vroma.org

Translation: http://www.personal.kent.edu/~bkharvey/roman/texts/philemat.htm

Latin text: http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT749.HTM (adapted)
Appendix I: Forms of words related to quï, quae, quod

Quïdam, quaedam, quoddam

*Case*	*Masculine*	*Feminine*	*Neuter*
*Singular*
*nom.*	quïdam	quaedam	quoddam
*acc.*	quendam	quandam	quoddam
*gen.*	cuiusdam	cuiusdam	cuiusdam
*dat.*	cuidam	cuidam	cuidam
*abl.*	quödam	quädam	quödam
*Plural*
*nom.*	quïdam	quaedam	quaedam
*acc.*	quösdam	quäsdam	quaedam
*gen.*	quörundam	quärundam	quörundam
*dat.*	quibusdam	quibusdam	quibusdam
*abl.*	quibusdam	quibusdam	quibusdam

Quïcumque, quaecumque, quodcumque

*Case*	*Masculine*	*Feminine*	*Neuter*
*Singular*
*nom.*	quïcumque	quaecumque	quodcumque
*acc.*	quemcumque	quamcumque	quodcumque
*gen.*	cuiuscumque	cuiuscumque	cuiuscumque
*dat.*	cuicumque	cuicumque	cuicumque
*abl.*	quöcumque	quäcumque	quöcumque
*Plural*
*nom.*	quïcumque	quaecumque	quaecumque
*acc.*	quöscumque	quäscumque	quaecumque
*gen.*	quörumcumque	quärumcumque	quörumcumque
*dat.*	quibuscumque	quibuscumque	quibuscumque
*abl.*	quibuscumque	quibuscumque	quibuscumque

Comparison of present and future vowels, 3^rd, 3^rd-io and 4^th conjugations:

	3^rd conjugation		3-io and 4^th conjugations
	*present tense*	*future tense*	*present tense*	*future tense*
I	-ö	-am	-iö	-iam
you s.	-is	-ës	-is	-iës
s/he	-it	-et	-it	-iet
we	-imus	-ëmus	-imus	-iëmus
you pl.	-itis	-ëtis	-itis	-iëtis
they	-unt	-ent	-iunt	-ient