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ANT 210
Physical Anthropology
Test 4 Review Guidelines
Test 4 is worth a total of 100 points (20% of your course grade) and comprises three sections and a bonus (extra credit) opportunity to earn four additional points.
Below, each section is described. Following a description of each section of the test, a list of terms and concepts is provided, chapter by chapter, along with some guidelines about what to focus on.
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The Sections:
Part I: Multiple choice. There are 26 multiple
choice questions worth 2 points each (52 points total). Please refer back to the
test 1 review guidelines for tips on
multiple choice questions in general.
Questions in this section cover each topic:
the genus Homo (notes and chapter 11), Homo habilis, Homo
erectus; archaic humans (Homo
heidelbergensis, Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (notes and
chapter 12), and the emergence of anatomically modern humans--Homo
sapiens sapiens (notes and chapter 13).
Some of the multiple choice questions give a description of
a famous find (skeletal features or fossil site location) and ask you to
recognize the species of Homo. You do NOT have to memorize ALL of the
sites and specimens and ages of the fossils; however, if given a fossil site
along with a description of bones/tools, you should be able to select the
correct species. Other questions ask you about the trends in terms of
evolutionary change from Australopiths to Homo. There may also be
questions that compare skeletal features using relative terms such as
'bigger than" or "more gracile than"--for these questions it is good to pay
particular attention to who is being compared to whom.
Remember to review tool industries: names, types of
tools, what they may have been used for, who made them, etc.
Part II: Matching. There are 12 matching
questions worth 2 points each (24 points total).
For this test, the matching section involves two topics: correctly associating the different species of Homo with their biological/physical descriptions and correctly associating various features of tools with their terminology (i.e., tool industry names and tool types).
Part III: Short Answer and Fill In. Be able to
explain the different models proposed regarding how modern humans possibly
arose: multiregional evolution model, African replacement model,
assimilation model, regional continuity. Be able to describe how
modern humans (contemporary people) differ from the earlier species of
Homo, both in terms of skeletal/biological changes and culture.
Be able to compare and contrast skeletal features of the various species of
Homo. This section is worth a total of 24 points.
Items to Know:
Note: Much of what to know is listed below; yet it may not be everything. Use this review as a guideline. Look up anything you don't have in your notes (especially if you missed a class and didn't get notes from someone) in your text and on the Internet because information from lecture is not always in the text. Again, be sure to read your text even if you have all the class notes because not all information from the text is discussed in class.
Homo (Lecture notes and Chapter 11):
define Homo; understand what the changes from Australopiths to Homo were;
Homo habilis: famous finds and locations, time frame they lived
(epoch and years), who they lived contemporaneously with, how their brain
size and dentition and overall body size compared with other hominins (e.g.,
Australopiths, other Homo species), culture (name of their tool industry,
and types of tools and their uses); Homo erectus: famous finds and
locations, time frame they lived, who they lived contemporaneously with, how
their features compared with other species, where they lived, what the name
Homo erectus means, postorbital constriction, brow ridges, sagittal
keel, regional variation among this species, culture (name of their tool
industry, and types of tools and their uses; also review interpretations on
the use of fire and hunting vs. scavenging).
Pre-Modern or Archaic Humans (online lecture, class
information, and Chapter
12): definitions: middle plesitocene, late pleistocene;
information about Homo heidelbergensis, famous finds (sites and
significance), when and where they lived, skeletal/physical characteristics
among this species and compared to other species, culture, Levallois
technique, interpretations of hunting and language; Homo sapiens
neanderthalensis (Neandertals) famous finds (sites and significance),
skeletal/physical characteristics, when and where they lived (climate?
adaptations?), occipital bun, findings from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and
nuclear DNA, culture, Mousterian tradition (or industry), burial, language,
phylogeny (evolutionary relationships with other Homo species).
Anatomically Modern Humans (lecture and Chapter 13):
definition of anatomically modern humans, when they emerged and where,
famous finds (sites and significance), who they lived contemporaneously
with, skeletal/physical features, Homo floresiensis, island dwarfism,
culture terms: lower, middle, upper paleolithic; tools: blade, burin; shelter
and art, geographic expansion, transition to modern humans--the debate:
multiregional evolution model, African replacement model, assimilation
model, regional continuity, genetic evidence and what is meant by "most
recent common ancestry" or MRCA, examples of recent biological and cultural
evolution in Homo sapiens.
Tips: While there are a lot of names to learn,
please know that questions will provide enough background such that you can
recognize which fossil is being asked about--focus on understanding concepts
and trends in biology over time rather than too many detailed "facts" to
"memorize", which is NOT the idea. Please try to re-read or at least
re-view sections of chapters a few times along with your lecture notes.
Study in short segments, often, and try to avoid cramming the night before.
If you've kept up with the readings and class notes, you will find reviewing gives good results in terms of what sounds
familiar. And, on the test, always go with the answers that feel
familiar rather than what "sounds good".