ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

There are many sources for the information and images used in this site, but especially:

• Ayers, Edward. Promise of the New South. New York: Oxford, 1992.
• Cashman, Diane, Cape Fear Adventure: Illustrated History of Wilmington. Woodland Hills, Ca.: Windsor Publications, 1982.
• Cechelski, David and eds. Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
• Fales, Robert. Memories Yesteryear. Wilmington: Wilmington Printing Co., 1988.
• Kraft, Andrew C. "Wilmington’s Political-Racial Revolution of 1898: A geographical and cartographic analysis." UNCW, History Department, 1993.
• Prather, H. Leon. We Have Taken a City: Wilmington Racial Massacre and Coup of 1898. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press, Inc., 1984.
• Joel Williamson. Crucible of Race: Black/White Relations in the American South since Emancipation. Oxford University Press, 1984

HISTORICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Cechelski, David and eds. Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. Finest new scholarship on the history and meaning of the riot and coup of 1898.
• Eaton, Hubert A. Every Man Should Try. Wilmington, N. C.: Bonaparte Press, 1984. The famous civil rights leader, physician, and tennis star shares his experiences and struggles to remove unfairness from the educational and health-care systems in New Hanover County and North Carolina.
• Edmunson, Helen. The Negro and Fusion Politics in North Carolina, 1894-1901, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1951. Groundbreaking study of the era in North Carolina history, and of the role of the Wilmington riot and coup in establishing the segregation system.
• Escott, Paul. Many Excellent People: Power and Privilege in North Carolina, 1865-1900. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: UNC Press, 1985. Argues that a wealthy business class used the race issue to create an undemocratic society in North Carolina that lasted throughout the 19th and well into the 20th century. In particular, argues that the white supremacy campaign of 1898 was orchestrated in order to suppress the development of popular democracy.
• Evans, W. McKee. Ballots and Fence Rails. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: UNC Press, 1966. Study of Reconstruction in the Cape Fear region from the campaign of 1863 through the fall of Wilmington, radical reconstruction and the restoration of all-white rule.
• Gilmore, Glenda. Gender and Jim Crow. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. Includes an important chapter on the relation of patriarchy and racism in the Wilmington coup and riot.
• Glancy, Michael L. "The Wilmington Riot, November 10, 1898." Honors Paper, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 1975. A chronicle of events, which emphasizes the role of certain key white leaders in the riot and coup, especially Hugh MacRae.
• Godwin, John L. "Wilmington and the North Carolina Way: Race, culture, and economy through the civil rights years." Ph. D. dissertation, University of South Carolina, 1988. Discussion of the 1972 Wilmington Ten. It chronicles the story of community leaders and explains the ultimate outcome of the civil rights movement in Wilmington.
• Hale, Grace Elizabeth. "Making Whiteness: the Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940." New York: Vintage, 1996. Insightful, postmodernist study of the creation of "whiteness" as a defining feature of American culture.
• Kirshenbaum, Andrea Meryl. "Race, Gender, and Riot: The Wilmington, North Carolina white supremacy campaign of 1898." Honors Paper, Duke University, 1996. An analysis of the role gender played in the white supremacy campaign, including the ideologies of Rebecca Felton and Alexander Manly, and responses of various women throughout the South.
• Kraft, Andrew C. "Wilmington’s Political-Racial Revolution of 1898: A geographical and cartographic analysis of the Wilmington North Carolina race riot." Honors Paper, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, 1993. Analysis of the Wilmington Riot of 1898 from a geographic perspective to give a sense how and where the riot unfolded and analyzes the effects on the black community in Wilmington.
• McDuffie, Jerome A. Politics in Wilmington and New Hanover County, North Carolina, 1865-1900.. 2 Vols. Ph. D. dissertation, Kent State University, 1979. Views the Wilmington race riot of 1898 against the background of the deep and lasting political animosities, struggle for control of city and county governments, and the use of threats, intimidation and violence to achieve political objectives. A solid study.
• North Carolina Literary Review 2: #1 (1994)
• Prather, H. Leon. We Have Taken a City: Wilmington Racial Massacre and Coup of 1898. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press, Inc., 1984. Using many sources including city council minutes, private letters, and documents from the Justice Department, this book gives an insightful and moving account of the Wilmington conflict. Prather's work remains the most indispensable source, in my view, for understanding the riot of 1898.
• Joel Williamson. Crucible of Race: Black/White Relations in the American South since Emancipation. Oxford University Press, 1984. A masterful overview of race relations in the American South, this work includes a chapter on the Wilmington riot which interprets it in psychosexual terms.

FICTION BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Bland, Celia. The Conspiracy of the Secret Nine. New York: Silver Moon Press, 1995. This historical novel is told from the perspective of Troy Worth, a twelve-year-old boy growing up in Wilmington during Reconstruction.
• Chesnutt, Charles W. The Marrow of Tradition. Boston & New York: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901.  Historical novel of Wilmington riot and coup, by a leading African American novelist of the 19th and early 20th century.
• Dixon, Thomas. The Leopard's Spots. Notorious racist account of the revolution by the author of The Clansman, basis for the film, "The Birth of a Nation."
• Gerard, Philip. Cape Fear Rising. Winston-Salem: John F. Blair, 1994. In this contemporary historical novel by a UNCW professor, Sam Jenks comes to Wilmington to work for the local newspaper in the midst of racial conflict.
• Thorne, Jack (actual name: David Bryan Fulton). Hanover: or the Persecution of the Lowly: a Story of the  Wilmington Massacre (reprinted NY: Arno Press, 1969). Historical account of the events from an African American man who was present at the riot.