A
Research Style Crib Sheet

by Russ Dewey

Georgia Southern University

[This page is a summary of rules for using APA style. The version you are
reading was revised 10/10/96, edited and revised again on  September 5,
2000 with Bill Scott of the College of
Wooster, and updated in January 2003 by Doc
Scribe. I have made every effort to keep this document accurate, but
readers have occasionally pointed out errors and inconsistencies which required
correction. I am grateful to them and invite additional feedback. This document
may be reproduced freely if this paragraph is included. --Russ Dewey, [email-masked]]

APA Crib Sheet Contents

Introductory
Information

Rules

Abbreviations

Avoiding
biased and pejorative language

Capitalization

Commas

Hyphenation

Italics
(underlining)

Miscellaneous

Numbers

Quotation
marks

Page
Formats

Title
& text pages (graphic)

Headings

Text
details

References
& tables (graphic)

Tables
(notes)

Reference
Citations (In-Text)

Reference
Formats

Abbreviating
within a reference

Alphabetizing
within reference lists

APA
reference style & examples

Contents | Back to top

INTRODUCTORY
INFORMATION

APA
style is the
style of writing used by journals published by the American Psychological
Association (APA). The style is documented in the APA Publication Manual
(5th ed., 2001). The APA Manual began as an article published in Psychological
Bulletin in 1929. That article reported results of a 1928 meeting of
representatives from anthropological and psychological journals, "to
discuss the form of journal manuscripts and to write instructions for their
preparation" (APA, 2001, p. xix). By 1952 the guidelines were issued as a
separate document called the Publication Manual. Today the manual is in
its fifth edition, and the APA format described in it is a widely
recognized standard for scientific writing in psychology and education.

Some of the more commonly used rules and reference formats from the manual
are listed here. However, this web page is no substitute for the 440 page APA Manual
itself, which should be purchased by any serious psychology student in the
U.S., or by students in other countries who are writing for a journal which
uses APA format. The APA Manual can be found in almost any college
bookstore, as well as in many large, general-purpose bookstores, in the
reference and style guide section. You may check the current price and delivery
of the APA Manual by clicking on this link to amazon.com.
The spiral bound edition is especially handy when formatting research papers.

The APA Manual draws a distinction between "final manuscripts"
such as class papers, theses, and dissertations, and "copy
manuscripts" to be submitted for review and publication. The APA Crib
Sheet follows the instructions given in chapter six for "Material
Other Than Journal Articles" (APA, 2001, pp. 321-330). Final manuscripts
differ from copy manuscripts in these ways:

Spacing. "Double-spacing is required throughout
most of the manuscript. When single-spacing would improve readability,
however, it is usually encouraged. Single spacing can be used for table
titles and headings, figure captions, references (but double-spacing is
required between references), footnotes, and long quotations" (APA,
2001, p. 326).

Figures, tables, and footnotes. "In a manuscript
submitted for publication, figures, tables, and footnotes are placed at
the end of the manuscript; in theses and dissertations, such material is
frequently incorporated at the appropriate point in text as a convenience
to readers" (APA, 2001, p. 325).

The most notable additions and changes to fifth
edition of the APA Manual (2001) include:

Electronic sources require new formats in references.
The formats previously featured on the APA Web site have been superseded.
Several formats are included in the Crib Sheet.

Italics or underline? "Use the functions of your
word-processing program to create italic, bold, or other special fonts or
styles following the style guidelines specified in this Publication
Manual" (APA, 2001, p. 286). However, underlining in place of
italics is still acceptable when using a typewriter (see APA, 2001, p.
100). Always be consistent!

Hanging indents. "APA publishes references in a hanging
indent format. . . . If a hanging indent is difficult to accomplish
with your word-processing program, it is permissible to indent your
references with paragraph indents" (APA, 2001, p. 299).

Contents | Back to top

RULES

Following
is a summary of rules and reference examples in the APA style
manual. The manual itself contains all this information and more, organized and
worded differently, indexed and illustrated. If in doubt about a specific rule
or example, consult the manual itself.

Contents
| Back to top

Abbreviations

Avoid abbreviations (acronyms) except for long, familiar
terms (MMPI).

Explain what an abbreviation means the first time it
occurs: American Psychological Association (APA).

If an abbreviation is commonly used as a word, it does
not require explanation (IQ, LSD, REM, ESP).

Do not use the old abbreviations for subject,
experimenter, and observer (S, E, O).

The following abbreviations should NOT be used outside
parenthetical comments:

cf. [use compare]

e.g. [use for example]

etc. [use and so forth]

i.e. [use that is]

viz. [use namely]

vs. [use versus]

Use periods when making an abbreviation within a
reference (Vol. 3, p. 6, 2nd ed.)

Do not use periods within degree titles and
organization titles (PhD, APA).

Do not use periods within measurements (lb, ft, s)
except inches (in.).

Use s for second, m for meter.

To form plurals of abbreviations, add s alone, without
apostrophe (PhDs, IQs, vols., Eds).

In using standard abbreviations for measurements, like
m for meter, do not add an s to make it plural (100 seconds is 100 s); when
referring to several pages in a reference or citation, use the
abbreviation pp. (with a period after it and a space after the period).

Do not use the abbreviation "pp." for
magazine or journal citations; just give the numbers themselves. Do use
"pp." for citations of encyclopedia entries, multi-page
newspaper articles, chapters or articles in edited books.

Use two-letter postal codes for U.S. state names (GA).

Contents | Back to top

Avoiding
Biased and Pejorative Language

In
general, avoid anything that causes offense. The style manual makes the
following suggestions:

DO
NOT use . . .

when
you can use . . .

ethnic
labels (for example, Hispanic)

geographical
labels (Mexican Americans)

"men"
(referring to all adults)

"men
and women"

"homosexuals"

"gay
men and lesbians"

"depressives"

"people
with depression"

Correct
use of the terms "gender" and "sex"

The
term "gender" refers to culture and should be used when referring to
men and women as social groups, as in this example from the Publication
Manual: "sexual orientation rather than gender accounted for most of
the variance in the results; most gay men and lesbians were for it, most
heterosexual men and women were against it" (APA, 2001, p. 63).

The term "sex" refers to biology and should be used when
biological distinctions are emphasized, for example, "sex differences in
hormone production."

Avoid gender stereotypes. For example, the manual suggests replacing
"An American boy's infatuation with football" with "An American
child's infatuation with football" (see APA, 2001, p. 66).

Sensitivity to
labels

Be
sensitive to labels. A person in a clinical study should be called a
"patient," not a "case." Avoid equating people with their
conditions, for example, do not say "schizophrenics," say
"people diagnosed with schizophrenia." Use the term "sexual
orientation," not "sexual preference." The phrase "gay men
and lesbians" is currently preferred to the term "homosexuals."
To refer to all people who are not heterosexual, the manual suggests
"lesbians, gay men, and bisexual women and men" (APA, 2001, p. 67).

In racial references, the manual simply recommends that we respect current
usage. Currently both the terms "Black" and "African
American" are widely accepted, while "Negro" and
"Afro-American" are not. These things change, so use common sense.

Capitalize Black and White when the words are used as proper
nouns to refer to social groups. Do not use color words for other ethnic
groups. The manual specifies that hyphens should not be used in multiword names
such as Asian American or African American.

Labels can be tricky, and the manual has a lot to say about them. For
example, "American Indian" and "Native American" are both
acceptable usages, but the manual notes that there are nearly 450 Native
American groups, including Hawaiians and Samoans, so specific group names are
far more informative.

The terms Hispanic, Latino, and Chicano are preferred by
different groups. The safest procedure is use geographical references. Just say
"Cuban American" if referring to people from Cuba.

The term Asian American is preferable to Oriental, and again
the manual recommends being specific about country of origin, when this is
known (for example, Chinese or Vietnamese). People from northern Canada,
Alaska, eastern Siberia, and Greenland often (but not always!) prefer Inuk
(singular) and Inuit (plural) to "Eskimo." But some Alaska
natives are non-Inuit people who prefer to be called Eskimo. This type of
difficulty is avoided by using geographical references. For example, in place
of "Eskimo" or "Inuit" one could use "people from
northern Canada, Alaska, eastern Siberia, and Greenland."

In general, call people what they want to be called, and do not contrast one
group of people with another group called "normal" people. Write
"we compared people with autism to people without autism" not
"we contrasted autistics to normals." Do not use pejorative terms
like "stroke victim" or "stroke sufferers." Use a more
neutral terminology such as "people who have had a stroke." Avoid the
terms "challenged" and "special" unless the population
referred to prefers this terminology (for example, Special Olympics). As a
rule, use the phrase "people with _______" (for example, "people
with AIDS," not "AIDS sufferers").

In referring to age, be specific about age ranges; avoid open-ended
definitions like "under 16" or "over 65." Avoid the term elderly.
Older person is preferred. Boy and Girl are acceptable referring
to high school and and younger. For persons 18 and older use men and women.

Contents | Back to top

Capitalization

Capitalize formal names of tests (Stroop Color-Word
Interference Test).

Capitalize major words and all other words of four
letters or more, in headings, titles, and subtitles outside reference
lists, for example, "A Study of No-Win Strategies."

Capitalize names of conditions, groups, effects, and
variables only when definite and specific. (Group A was the control group;
an Age x Weight interaction showed lower weight with age.)

Capitalize the first word after a comma or colon if,
and only if, it begins a complete sentence. For example, "This is a
complete sentence, so it is capitalized." As a counter example,
"no capitalization here."

Capitalize specific course and department titles (GSU
Department of Psychology, Psych 150).

Do not capitalize generic names of tests (Stroop color
test). "Stroop" is a name, so it remains capitalized.

Capitalize nouns before numbers, but not before
variables (Trial 2, trial x).

Do not capitalize names of laws, theories, and
hypotheses (the law of effect).

Do not capitalize when referring to generalities (any
department, any introductory course).

Contents | Back to top

Commas

Do not use commas to separate parts of measurement (9
lbs 5 oz). Use the metric system, as a rule.

Use commas before "and" in lists, for
example, height, width, and depth.

Use commas between groups of three digits, for example,
1,453.

Use commas to set off a reference in a parenthetical
comment (Patrick, 1993).

Use commas for seriation within a paragraph or
sentence. For example, "three choices are (a) true, (b) false, and
(c) don't know." Use semicolons for seriation if there are commas
within the items. For example, (a) here, in the middle of the item, there
are commas; (b) here there are not; (c) so we use semicolons throughout.

Use commas in exact dates, for example, April 18, 1992
(but not in April 1992).

Contents | Back to top

Hyphenation

Do not hyphenate -ly and superlative words (widely
used test, best informed students).

Do not hyphenate common prefixes (posttest, prewar,
multiphase, nonsignificant) unless needed for clarity (pre-existing).

Do not hyphenate foreign, letter, numeral terms (a
priori hypothesis, Type A behavior) when the meaning is clear without it
(least squares solution, heart rate scores).

Do not hyphenate if a noun comes first (a therapy was
client centered, results of t tests).

Hyphenate adjectival phrases (role-playing technique,
high-anxiety group, two-way analysis).

Hyphenate compound adjectives preceding nouns
(client-centered therapy, t-test scores) unless the compound
adjective involves a superlative (best written paper).

Hyphenate if the base is an abbreviation or compounded
(pre-UCS, non-college bound).

Hyphenate if the base word is capitalized or a number
(pre-Freudian, post-1960).

Hyphenate if the words could be misunderstood without a
hyphen (re-pair, un-ionized, co-worker).

If in doubt, consult a recently published dictionary.
Standards change. For example, "data base" is now
"database," and "life-style" is now
"lifestyle."

Contents | Back to top

Italics
(Underlining)

Do not italicize or underline common foreign
abbreviations (vice versa, et al., a priori).

Do not italicize or underline for mere emphasis.

Italicize or underline the titles of books and
articles, species names, introduction of new terms and labels (the first
time only), words and phrases used as linguistic examples, letters used as
statistical symbols, and volume numbers in reference lists.

Contents | Back to top

Miscellaneous:
Colons, dashes, parentheses, numbering paragraphs

Do not use "and/or." Write things out. For
example, "Monday, Tuesday, or both" is preferable to
"Monday and/or Tuesday."

Do not use a colon or other punctuation after an
introduction which is not a complete sentence such as

this
one, or any other sentence in the body of text which flows into an extended
quote. The quote "picks up where the sentence leaves off" and
provides the punctuation.

Use a dash (rendered on typewriters and some word
processors as a double hyphen) when there is a sudden interruption like
this one--zoiks!--in the flow of a sentence. Overuse "weakens the
flow of the writing" (APA, 2001, p. 81).

Use parentheses to introduce an abbreviation, for
example, the galvanic skin response (GSR).

Use appendixes (appendices) as the plural of appendix.
Use datum as singular, data as plural. Use matrix as
singular, matrices as plural. Phenomenon is the singular
form of the plural phenomena. Use schema as singular, schemas
(not schemata) as plural.

When listing separate paragraphs in a series, use a
number and a period, not parentheses.

The first paragraph
goes here.

The second paragraph
goes here.

Contents | Back to top

Numbers

Spell out common fractions and common expressions
(one-half, Fourth of July).

Spell out large numbers beginning sentences (Thirty
days hath September . . .).

Spell out numbers which are inexact, or below 10 and
not grouped with numbers over 10 (one-tailed t test, eight items,
nine pages, three-way interaction, five trials).

Use numerals for numbers 10 and above, or lower numbers
grouped with numbers 10 and above (for example, from 6 to 12 hours of
sleep).

To make plurals out of numbers, add s only, with
no apostrophe (the 1950s).

Treat ordinal numbers like cardinal numbers (the first
item of the 75th trial . . .).

Use combinations of written and Arabic numerals for
back-to-back modifiers (five 4-point scales).

Use combinations of numerals and written numbers for
large sums (over 3 million people).

Use numerals for exact statistical references, scores,
sample sizes, and sums (multiplied by 3, or 5% of the sample). Here is
another example: "We used 30 subjects, all two year olds, and they
spent an average of 1 hr 20 min per day crying.

Use metric abbreviations with figures (4 km) but not
when written out (many meters distant).

Use the percent symbol (%) only with figures (5%) not
with written numbers (five percent).

Contents | Back to top

Quotation
Marks

Use quotation marks for an odd or ironic usage the
first time but not thereafter, for example, "This is the
"good-outcome" variable, but as it turns out, the good-outcome variable
predicts trouble later on . . ."

Use quotation marks for article and chapter titles
cited in the text but not in the reference list. (In Smith's (1992)
article, "APA Style and Personal Computers," computers were
described as "here to stay" (p. 311).)

Extended quotations

Add emphasis in a quotation with italics, immediately
followed by the words [italics added] in brackets.

Brackets are not necessary when changing the first
letter of a quotation to upper case.

For quotations over 40 words in length, indent and
single space the whole block (double space in papers for review or
publication). Indent five more spaces (one-half inch, 1.25 cm) if there
are paragraphs within the long quotation after the first. Always provide
author, year, and page citation.

Expand or clarify words or meanings in a quotation by
placing the added material in quotes. For example, "They [the Irish
Republican Army] initiated a cease-fire."

Reproduce a quote exactly. If there are errors,
introduce the word sic italicized and bracketed--for exammple [sic]--immediately
after the error to indicate it was part of the original source.

Use three dots with a space before, between, and after
each (ellipsis points) when omitting material, four if the omitted
material includes the end of a sentence (with no space before the first).
Do not use dots at the beginning or end of a quotation unless it is
important to indicate the quotation begins or ends in midsentence.

Do NOT use quotes
to . . .

. . . cite a linguistic example; instead, underline or
italicize the term (the verb gather).

. . . hedge, cast doubt, or apologize (he was
"cured"). Leave off the quotes.

. . . identify endpoints on a scale; underline or
italicize instead (poor to excellent).

. . . introduce a key term (the neoquasipsychoanalytic
theory).

Contents | Back to top

PAGE
FORMATS

The
APA Manual
notes that "the size of the type should be one of the standard typewriter
sizes (pica or elite) or, if produced from a word processing program, 12
points" (2001, p. 285). The body of the paper should be in a serif
typeface (like Courier or Times Roman) with lettering on figures in a sans
serif typeface (such as Helvetica or Arial).

Contents | Back to top

Headings

APA
headings follow
a complex hierarchy, with provision for up to five levels. These come, in
descending order, as levels 5, 1, 2, 3, 4. But, if one, two, or three levels of
headings are required in a paper, use levels 1, 3, and 4, in that order. If
four levels are required, interleave level 2 between levels 1 and 3. If five
levels are required, start with level five and work down the remaining
hierarchy in order (5, 1, 2, 3, 4). Confused? Most papers will need no more
than three levels. To avoid confusion these are labeled A, B, and C below (APA
levels 1, 3, and 4 respectively) (see APA, 2001, pp. 114ñ115).

Level A Headings are
Centered and Set in Heading Caps

Level B: Flush with Left Margin, Italicized, Set in Heading Caps

Level C headings: Indented, italicized,
sentence caps, end with a period. These headings are sometimes
referred to as paragraph or run-in headings. Although they end
with a period (or other punctuation) they need not be complete sentences or
grammatically correct.

Use headings in the order presented. If you need just two levels, use Level
A and Level B headings. Level A and B headings do not end with punctuation
except to add emphasis with an exclamation point or question mark. Do not begin
a paper with the heading Introduction. It is understood that all papers
begin with an introduction.

Contents | Back to top

Text details

Abstracts are limited to 120 words (APA, 2001, p. 13).

Double space the text, but single space within
block quotes, references, and the abstract.

Footnotes are rarely used in APA papers, except for
author affiliation and contact information--the author note.

Hyphenation should not occur at the end of lines, only
between words when necessary.

Indent paragraphs, block quotes, and hanging indents
one-half inch (1.25 cm or five to seven spaces).

Justification should be set to "off" or
"left margin only" (the right margin should be uneven, a ragged
right margin).

Keyword emphasis requires the use of italics, but only
the first time a term is used. If the intent is to indicate odd or ironic
usage, use quotation marks.

Margins should be at least 1" all around (about
2.5 cm).

Page numbers are required on every page: Number pages
consecutively.

The page header summarizes the title in a few words.
The header and page number go inside the margin space, double spaced above
the text, next to the right margin.

Word processor features--such as bold and italic fonts
and hanging indents--should be used as appropriate.

Contents | Back to top

References and
tables

Contents | Back to top

Table notes

Number
tables
consecutively as they appear in your text. Use only whole numbers, no 5a, 5b,
etc. See recent issues of the American Psychologist or other APA
journals for more complex table layouts. "Tables are efficient, enabling
the researcher to present a large amount of data in a small amount of
space" (APA, 2001, p. 147).

Place tables close to where they are first mentioned in
your text, but do not split a table across pages. (Tables in papers
submitted for review or publication are placed on separate pages at the
end of the paper.)

Label each table beginning with the table number
followed by a description of the contents.

Horizontal rules (lines) should be typed into tables;
do not draw them in by hand.

Each row and column must have a heading. Abbreviations
and symbols (e.g., "%" or "nos.") may be used.

Do not change the number of decimal places within a
column.

Do not change the units of measurement within a column.

"Use a zero before the decimal point when numbers
are less than one" (APA, 2001, p. 128). Write "0.23" not
".23" unless the number is a statistic that cannot be
larger than one, for example a correlation r = .55, or a
probability p < .01.

Add notes to explain the table contents. These may be
general notes or footnotes. The latter are labeled "a, b, c,
etc."

Use asterisks to indicate statistical significance
explained in the probability level note at the bottom of the table.
"Assign a given alpha level the same number of asterisks from table
to table within your paper, such as *p < .05 and **p <
.01; the largest probability receives the fewest asterisks [the smaller
probability get more asterisks]" (APA, 2001, p. 170).

You may both single space and double space within a
table to achieve clarity. Tables in papers submitted for review or
publication (only!) must be double spaced throughout.

Contents | Back to top

REFERENCE
CITATIONS (IN-TEXT)

Use
the author-date format
to cite references in text. For example: as Smith (1990) points out, a recent
study (Smith, 1990) shows. . . .  Every source cited in your text--and
only those sources cited in your text--are referenced in the reference list.

For two-author citations, spell out both authors on all
occurrences.

For multiple-author citations (up to five authors) name
all authors the first time, then use et al., so the first time it is
Smith, Jones, Pearson and Sherwin (1990), but the second time it is Smith
et al., with a period after "al" but no underlining.

The first time an "et al." reference is used
in a paragraph, give the year, thereafter (if the citation is repeated in
the paragraph) omit the year.

For six or more authors, use et al. the first time and
give the full citation in references.

Include a page reference after the year, outside
quotes. For example: The author stated, "The effect disappeared
within minutes" (Lopez, 1993, p. 311), but she did not say which
effect; Lopez found that "the effect disappeared within minutes"
(p. 311). The sentence quoted is capitalized only if it follows a comma,
and is a complete sentence not merged into the flow of the text.

If two or more multiple-author references which shorten
to the same "et al." form, making it ambiguous, give as many
author names as necessary to make them distinct, before et al. For
example: (Smith, Jones, et al., 1991) to distinguish it from (Smith, Burke,
et al., 1991).

Join names in a multiple-author citation with and
(in text) or an ampersand (&) in reference lists and parenthetical
comments. For example: As Smith and Sarason (1990) point out, the same
argument was made by in an earlier study (Smith & Sarason, 1990).

If a group is readily identified by its initials, spell
it out only the first time. For example, "As reported in a government
study (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1991), blah blah . . .
" and thereafter, "The previously cited study (NIMH, 1991) found
that . . .

If the author is unknown or unspecified, use the first
few words of the reference list entry (usually the title), for example:
("Study Finds," 1992).

If citing multiple works by the same author at the same
time, arrange dates in order. In general, use letters after years to
distinguish multiple publications by the same author in the same year. For
example: Several studies (Johnson, 1988, 1990a, 1990b, 1995 in press-a,
1995 in press-b) showed the same thing.

For old works cite the translation or the original and
modern copyright dates if both are known, for example: (Aristotle, trans.
1931) or (James, 1890/1983).

Always give page numbers for quotations, for example:
(Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332) or (Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3, p. 5).

For e-mail and other "unrecoverable data" use
personal communication, for example: (V.-G. Nguyen, personal
communication, September 28, 1993). These do not appear in the reference
list.

For quoting electronic documents without page numbers,
cite paragraph numbers if given, indicated by the paragraph symbol or the
abbreviation para. in the citation (e.g., Smith, 2000, ¶ 17). If
there are no paragraph numbers, cite the nearest preceding section heading
and count paragraphs from there (e.g., Smith, 2000, Method section, para.
4).

Contents | Back to top

REFERENCE
FORMATS

Your
text and the reference list must agree. "References cited in text must
appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry in the reference list must
be cited in text" (APA, 2001, p. 215). See the section on Reference
citations for citing references in text.

Abbreviating
within a reference

Here
are approved abbreviations for use in a reference list:

chap. for chapter

ed. for edition

rev. ed. for revised edition

2nd ed. for second edition

Ed. for Edited by

(Eds.) for multiple editors

Trans. for Translated by

p. for page number, with
a space after the period

pp. for page numbers
(plural)

Vol. for a specific Volume

vols. for a work with xx
volumes

No. for Number

Pt. for Part

Suppl. for Supplement,

Tech. Rep. for Technical Report

Use
the abbreviation "pp." for page numbers in encyclopedia entries,
multi-page newspaper articles, chapters or articles in edited books, but not
in journal or magazine article citations, where numbers alone should be used
(see examples of reference formats).

Contents | Back to top

Alphabetizing
within reference lists

Use prefixes in alphabetizing names if commonly part of
the surname (De Vries).

Do not use von in alphabetizing (Helmholtz, H.
L. F. von), or Jr., III, or Sr.

Treat Mc and Mac literally; Mac comes
before Mc.

Disregard apostrophes, spaces, and capitals in
alphabetizing; D'Arcy comes after Daagwood, Decker
comes after de Chardin.

Single-author citations precede multiple-author citations
of the same year (Zev, 1990 then Zev et al., 1990).

Alphabetize corporate authors by first significant
word. Do not use abbreviations in corporate names.

Contents | Back to top

APA reference style

The
APA Publication Manual now instructs authors to use hanging indents for
references, and to use italics for titles. The hanging indent is
one-half inch (1.25 cm), just like paragraph indents. All titles in references
are set in sentence caps, but titles quoted in the text are set in heading
caps. No quotation marks are used around titles of articles in references, but
quotes are used when citing article titles in the text. The APA Publication
Manual (2001) contains 95 examples of different reference types (pp.
240-281). Here are a few examples of the most commonly used formats.

Anonymous or
unknown author (common in newspapers):

Caffeine linked to mental illness. (1991, July 13). New York Times,
pp. B13, B15.

Citation: ("Caffeine Linked," 1991). Use heading caps when citing
titles in text citations.

Books
(Group author, 3ñ5 authors, reprint/translation, edition other than
first):

American Psychiatric Association. (1990). Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.).

Washington, DC: Author.

Citation: (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1990); next citation
(APA, 1990). Note: "Author" is used as above when author and
publisher are identical.

Booth, W. C., Colomb, G. G., & Williams, J. M. (1995). The
craft of research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Citation: (Booth, Colomb, & Williams, 1995); next citation (Booth et
al., 1995).

Ebbinghaus, H. (1913). Memory (H. A. Rueger & C. E. Bussenius,
Trans.). New York: Teachers College. (Original

work published 1885)

Citation: (Ebbinghaus, 1885/1913).

Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of
style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

Citation: (Strunk & White, 1979).

Chapter or section
in a book (online & print):