Identifying and Restating Definitions and Propositions (Categorical and Causal)

Remember that virtually all statements boil down to and can be restated in the following forms.
1. Concepts and definitions.  X is in the genus Y and has distinguishing features A, B, and C.

2. Categorical propositions assert that all, some, or none of X is inside Y.

3. Causal propositions that assert:
a. If X, then Y.  (Not very precise about exactly how Y is contingent upon X.)

b. If and only if X, then Y.  (X as a necessary condition for Y.)

c. Whenever X, then Y.  (X as a sufficient condition for Y.)

d. The more/less X, the more/less Y.  (X and Y vary directly/same direction or inversely/opposite directions.)
 

1. We are such stuff
    As dreams are made on, and our little life
    Is rounded with a sleep.
    (Prospero, in The Tempest, IV: I)

2. ...a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical
    force within a given territory.  (Max Weber. "Politics as a vocation." 1918)

3. No living being can be happy or even exist unless his needs are sufficiently proportioned to his means.
    (Emile Durkheim, Suicide.  1897)

4. Every form of social life established amongst men expresses itself in distances which allay the ceaseless
    fear of being seized and caught.  (Elias Canetti. Crowds and power. 1960.)

5. Ay, sir, and wherefore; for they say every why hath a wherefore.
    (Domio of Syracuse, in A Comedy of Errors, II, II, 113)

6. The venon clamours of a jealous woman
    Poisons more deadly than a mad dog's tooth.
    (Abbess, in A Comedy of Errors, V, I, 70)

7. a beast that wants discourse of reason,
    Would have mourned longer
    (Hamlet, in Hamlet, I: II)

8. foul deeds will rise,
    Though all the earth o'erwhelm them to men's eyes!
    (Hamlet, in Hamlet, I: II)

9. There is no sure foundation set on blood,
     No certain life achieved by others' death
     (King John, in King John, IV: II)

10. Full fathom five thy father lies;
      Of his bones are coral made;
      Those are pearls that were his eyes:
      Nothing of him that doth fade,
      But doth suffer a sea-change
      Into something rich and strange.
      Sea-nymphs hourly ring his knell:
      (Ariel's song, in The Tempest, I: II)

11. I am convinced, however, that anarchy is not the principal evil that democratic ages have to fear,
      but the least. (Alexis de Tocqueville. From Democracy in America, Volume II. 1840)

12. If the state is to exist, the dominated must obey the authority claimed by the powers that be.
      (Max Weber. "Politics as a vocation." 1918)

13. (T)he more extensive the credo the more unified and strong is the society." (p. 159)
       (Emile Durkheim, Suicide.  1897)

14. (T)he greater concessions a confessional group makes to individual judgment, the less
       it dominates lives, the less its cohesion and vitality." (p. 159) (Emile Durkheim, Suicide.  1897)

15. (T)he density of a group cannot sink without its vitality diminishing." (p. 201)
       (Emile Durkheim, Suicide.  1897)

16. Until, then, philosophers are kings, or the kings and princes of this world
       have the spirit and power of philosophy, and political greatness and wisdom
       meet in one, and those commoner natures who follow either to the exclusion
       of the other are compelled to stand aside, cities will never cease from ill--no,
       nor the human race, as I believe... [Plato. The Republic. Book V, 473]

17. ...a confusing of the real and the ideal never goes unpunished.  (Goethe.  Wisdom and experience.)

18. "...more depressed and anxious pregnant teenagers, who perceive their social relationships to be
      less satisfying, and who have less   knowledge of child development, have more negative expectations
      for their infants." (J.M. Contreras et al. (1995). Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 16, 283-295)

19. For all things come from earth, and all things end by becoming earth.  [Xenophanes, born 565 B.C.]

20. ...the term suicide is applied to all cases of death resulting directly or indirectly from a positive or negative
      act of the victim himself, which he knows will produce this result.  An attempt is an act thus defined but falling
      short of actual death.  (Emile Durkheim, Suicide.  1897)

21. Where the State is the only environment in which men can live communal lives, they inevitably lose contact,
       become detached, and thus society disintegrates. (Emile Durkheim. The Division of Labor in Society.  1893)

22. There is the authority of the extraordinary and personal gift of grace (charisma), the absolutely personal
      devotion and personal confidence in revelation, heroism, or other qualities of individual leadership.  This is
      charismatic domination... (Max Weber. "Politics as a vocation." 1918)

23. It would seem that if despotism were to be established among the democratic nations of our days, it might
      assume a different character; it would be more extensive and more mild; it would degrade men without tormenting
      them. (p. 335) (Alexis de Tocqueville. From Democracy in America, Volume II. 1840)

24. If therefore industrial or financial crises increase suicide, this is not because they cause poverty, since crises
      of prosperity have the same result; it is because they are crises, that is, disturbances of the collective order.
      (Emile Durkheim, Suicide.  1897)

25.           7 And when he had opened the fourth seal,
              I heard the voice of the fourth beast say,
              Come and see.

              8 And I looked, and behold a pale horse:
              and his name that sat on him was Death,
              and Hell followed with him.
              And power was given unto them
              over the fourth part of the earth,
              to kill with sword, and with hunger,
              and with death, and with the beasts of the earth.
              [The Revelation of St. John The Divine, 6:7 and 8]

26. On the cessation of karma ceases consciousness;
       On the cessation of consciousness ceases name and form;
       On the cessation of name and form cease the six organs of sense;
       On the cessation of the six organs of sense ceases contact;
       On the cessation of contact ceases sensation;
       On the cessation of sensation ceases desire;
       On the cessation of desire ceases attachment;
       On the cessation of attachment ceases existence;
       On the cessation of existence ceases birth;
       On the cessation of birth cease old age and death, sorrow,
       lamentation, misery, grief, and despair.
       Thus does this entire aggregation of misery cease.
       (Samyutta-nikaya--Hinayana Buddhism)

27.    No man shall ever,
          by burning a victim or pouring libations,
          nor yet by weeping, appease the Wrath-Fiends
          intent upon unburned victims...

          Among the wicked of mankind
          an old crime breeds a younger crime,
          sooner or later, when the appointed day
          comes for the new crime to be born--
          a Wrath, a Demon of the house,
          unfightable, unwarrable on, unholy,
          a bold, black Ruin for the household--
          truebred to its ancestral type.
          [Aeschylus. Agamemnon.]

28. Men make their own history, but they do not make it...under circumstances chosen by themselves,
      but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past...And just when they seem
      engaged in revolutionising themselves and things, in creating something entirely new, precisely in such
      epochs of revolutionary crisis they anxiously conjure up the spirits of the past to their service and borrow
      from them names, battle slogans and costumes in order to present the new scene of world history in this
      time-honored disguise and borrowed language.  (Karl Marx. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte.
      1851-52)

29. This problem--the experience of the irrationality of the world--has been the driving force of all religious evolution...
       (H)e who lets himself in for politics, that is, for power and force as means, contracts with diabolical powers and for
       his action it is not  true that good can follow only from good and evil only from evil, but that often the very opposite is
       true. Anyone who fails to see this is, indeed, a political infant... (Max Weber. "Politics as a vocation." 1918)