You have 10 short answer questions worth 4 points each.  The short answer questions will come in various forms such as: List three types of _____ ; Define and explain how three types of _____ operate; Explain what is meant by ______ ; In the video/case what was meant by _____? Accordingly, some answers will involve listing terms while other will require describing terms or concepts in either a few sentences or short paragraphs. You should also be able to apply them to videos and handouts discussed in class. In general, there will not be much overlap between the essay questions and the short answer questions.

Glocal (Hemple)

Contamination, ecosimplification, and natural resource consumption (Hemple)

Environmentalism

Radical environmentalists

Pragmatic reformers/mainstream environmental groups

Hemple's 8 variables or driving forces

Common pool resources

Hardin's "tragedy of the commons"

Cornucopian

Catastrophists

Optimizer

Malthusian/neomalthusian

Wise use movement/Sagebrush Rebellion

You will have to answer 3 of the questions below.  There will be 1 required question and there may be some choice for the second question.  Each answer should clearly address all aspects of the question. You should define all key terms/concepts used in your answer. You should also support your answer using examples from books, lectures, class notes, videos, or handouts whenever possible.

1) Hardin (1968) argues, "ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all." Do you agree or is it possible to avoid or overcome the tragedy of the commons? In your answer be sure to describe Hardin's tragedy of the commons and provide examples of a typical common pool resource. What policy options are often used to overcome commons problems? Do you readings offer any examples of successful efforts to avoid the commons problem? Under what situations do the readings suggest commons management is more likely to succeed?

2) In 1798, Thomas Malthus warned that the human race was doomed because geometric population increases would inexorably outstrip productive capacity, leading to famine and poverty. Hardin (1968) also warns that we live in a finite world that can only support a finite population and that continued increases in the worlds population will increasingly strain limited resources and sustainability. Others are less pessimistic and point out that some of the world's biggest polluters are not the ones with the largest populations. Suppose you just got a job as President Bush's environmental policy advisor. Your first task is to represent the U.S. at an upcoming international conference looking at the impacts of population on the environment. Before you leave for the conference, "W" wants to know what you plan to say. Are you more concerned about developing nations such as China and India with large and growing populations or developed countries like the U.S. and Europe with relatively stable populations? Do you think population control is essential to the long-term protection of the global environment? What are the strengths and weaknesses of this argument? What other factors help mitigate the impacts associated with population growth?

3) Describe the eight variables or driving forces that Hemple (1996) proposes for explaining environmental impacts.  Describe each variable and some of the important relationships between the variables.  Be sure to use examples from the readings, videos,  or issue memos to illustrate how these variables can be used to explain the causes of an environmental problem.  Do you think this is a good framework for describing the causes of environmental problems?  What are the advantages and disadvantages to using this framework to understand the causes of environmental problems? 

4) One of the things that should be clear is that people often view problems in very different ways.  Hemple (1996) provides three overlapping perspectives on environmental destruction, which are termed contamination, ecosimplification, and natural resource consumption.  Describe each perspective and provide at least one example of the type of environmental problems that are the focus of each perspective.  

5) One of the themes we have explored so far this semester is that the simultaneous acceleration of technoscientific progress and world population growth with a corresponding environmental decline influence our popular images of the future and these differences figure prominently in debates about environmental policy.  Hemple (1996) suggests that the three dominant views are those of the cornucopians, catastrophists, and optimizers.  Describe each perspective and use an example of an environmental problem to illustrate how each perspective would have a different view of the future.

6) Describe the stages of the policy process and briefly describe some of the key activities that occur during each stage.  Be sure to provide examples where possible.   Then critique the policy process heuristic.  What are the strengths and weaknesses of using this model to understand how policy develops.  Finally, briefly describe the role that science plays at each stage of the process?  Where does it have its biggest impact?  Where does it appear to have the smallest impact? 

7)   In the different videos, handouts, and class discussions we have seen that science often plays a critical role in the policy process.  At the same time, decisions are often made based on little or no science.  Describe the role science plays in the policy process.  In your answer be sure to discuss: 1)  Which stages does science have the strongest role?  2) where does science have the weakest role?  3) Is the world of policymaking different than the world of science?  4) is environmental policymaking fundamentally different than policymaking in other areas (e.g., crime, education, welfare, etc.)?  and 5) should science play a stronger role in developing and implementing environmental policy?

8) Use elements of the policy process model to explain how the events surrounding September 11, 2001 have influenced policy regarding nuclear power and nuclear waste disposal in the United States.  In your answer be sure to describe how policy entrepreneurs & policy saboteurs have use the events to influence public opinion on nuclear power.  What is the role of the media?  Be sure to also explain how these events have influenced agenda setting. 

  Shaded terms & questions will not be on the exam