| Amazons
and Heroes (1 person) |
Assigned to: Jay
Barber |
Research
Path:
- Consult
with people who are researching specific stories
- Familiarize
yourself with primary source material
- Read
secondary source discussions of this phenomenon (coordinate with
other researchers)
Presentation:
- This
topic is as much a writing topic as it is a research topic.
Give a good, readable overview of the phenomenon of Amazons
vs. heroes,
- outline
the three major stories briefly
- suggest
the variety of primary-source representations
- show
the variety of secondary-source interpretations
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Research
path:
- consult
all available primary sources on Penthesileia
- check
for visual representations in art
- consult
secondary sources which interpret the death of Penthesileia,
including:
Presentation:
- write
a description of Penthesileia which points out the key issues and
differences of her portrayal in the primary sources, discuss how she
is interpreted by scholars, and give your own slant to her portrayal
in ancient and modern sources.
- What
do we learn about Amazons from this story?
- include
any visual images you are able to find; either digital images we can
incorporate onto our web page, or links to Perseus or Beazley.
Bibliography:
-
Shapiro, H.A.
“Amazons, Thracians and Scythians,” Greek, Roman and
Byzantine Studies (1983) 105-114. Brief description of the
story and how it is shown in art.
-
Weinbaum, Batya (1999). Islands of Women and Amazons: Representations and
Realities. University of Texas Press, Austin. (Chapter 7) Penthesilea and the Later Amazon: Penthesilea, Queen of the Amazons, is usedas an example of the later more feminine and individualized Amazon. She represents beauty,
vulnerability, and the demise of the Amazons.
- Quintus of Smyrna Sources used: Achilles and Penthesilea:
Evidence of their encounter.
|
| Hippolyta
(or other name) and Herakles (1-3) |
Assigned
to: Jessi Millwood & Charlotte Floyd |
Research
Path:
- consult
all available primary sources on Herakles & the Amazons
(Hippolyta is not always her name so search under Herakles and
Amazon)
- check
for visual representations in art – there will be a great many.
(A section of this report may focus on the visual images,
including changes in how the scene is portrayed over time and in
different media. This
could be one personé responsibility in the wider topic.)
- comment
on Amazonomachy, sincethis is the most common form of it.
- possibly
comment on the role of Hera in this story.
- consult
secondary sources which interpret the story.
Presentation:
- write
a description of the story of Herakles and the Amazons which points
out the key issues and differences of her portrayal in the primary
sources. There will be
a lot.
- Discuss
how the event is interpreted by scholars, and give your own slant to
this story in ancient and modern sources.
- What
do we learn about Amazons from this story?
- include
any visual images you are able to find; either digital images we can
incorporate onto our web page, or links to Perseus or Beazley.
(This could be the responsibility of the art focus person).
Bibliography:
-
Shapiro, H.A.
“Amazons, Thracians and Scythians,” Greek, Roman and
Byzantine Studies (1983) 105-114. Brief description of the
story and how it is shown in art.
-
Plutarch:
Biographer; ca. 45 B.C.E. – 123 A.D. Hippolyta:
Contends that it was Hippolyta not Antiope who mediated the
peace between the Amazons and the Athenians and that it was she
Theseus later married.
- On The Tral of the Women Warriors. UK-Constable. USA-St. Martins
Press. Women Warriors-the spiritual dimension. Herakles and Queen
Hippolyta's story is discussed.
- The Eye of Greece: Studies of Art in Athens. Kurtz, Donna;
Sparkes, Brian. Caimbridge University Press. New York New York
1982. Ch. 1: Herakles, Theseus and Amazons Amazon Art:
Descriptions of major pieces of art including the Treasury.
Amazons and Heroes: Images of Theseus and Antiope and Herekles and
Hyppolita in art pieces.
- Wilde, Lynn Webster.
"On The Trail of Women Warriors: The Amazons in Myth and
History"
Hercules and Hippolyta: Recounts two versions of the myth and
briefly discusses possible symbolism.
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Research
path:
- consult
all available primary sources on Theseus and the Amazon he kidnaps
(various names); esp. Plutarch, but compare other sources
- check
for visual representations in art; compare them to other Amazon/hero
encounters or Amazonomachies
- consult
secondary sources which interpret Theseus and the Amazon
- read
Hippolytus by Euripides, and include some comment about the
connection of the Amazon’s son to the idea of Amazons
Presentation:
- write
a description of Theseus and the Amazon which points out the key
issues and differences of how this story is described in the primary
sources;
- discuss
how this story is interpreted by scholars, and give your own reading
of this story;
- What
do we learn about Amazons from this story?
- include
any visual images you are able to find; either digital images we can
incorporate onto our web page, or links to Perseus or Beazley.
Bibliography:
-
Shapiro, H.A.
“Amazons, Thracians and Scythians,” Greek, Roman and
Byzantine Studies (1983) 105-114. Brief description of the
story and how it is shown in art.
-
Plutarch:
Biographer; ca. 45 B.C.E. – 123 A.D.Theseus and Antiope:
Although he admits there are other versions of the story, he
presents the version he finds more probable in which Theseus sailed
without Hercules to the land of the Amazons and captured Antiope;
presents alternative versions of the Theseus and Antiope story
following the Athenian victory over the invading Amazons.
-
The Eye of Greece:
Studies of Art in Athens. Kurtz, Donna; Sparkes, Brian. Caimbridge
University Press. New York New York 1982. Ch. 1: Herakles,
Theseus and Amazons Amazon Art: Descriptions of major pieces
of art including the Treasury. Amazons and Heroes: Images of
Theseus and Antiope and Herekles and Hyppolita in art pieces.
-
Wilde,
Lynn Webster. "On The Trail of Women Warriors: The
Amazons in Myth and History"
Theseus and Antiope: Recounts the myth and briefly discusses
possible interpretations.
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Research
path:
- research
accounts of battles with Amazons:
- both
literary accounts that describe battles in detail
- and
visual representations, on black-figure and red-figure vase
paintings and in sculpture.
- investigate
scholarly interpretations of the motif, including
- duBois,
Centaurs and Amazons
- Presentation:
- define
Amazonomachy
- discuss
why it is an important idea relating to Amazons
- trace
the development of the theme in Greek myth and literature and
art
- point
out any major changes or discrepancies you see in these types of
portrayal
- discuss
what scholars have said about this theme
- conclude
with your overview
Presentation:
- define
Amazonomachy
- discuss
why it is an important idea relating to Amazons
- trace
the development of the theme in Greek myth and literature and
art
- point
out any major changes or discrepancies you see in these types of
portrayal
- discuss
what scholars have said about this theme
- conclude
with your overview
Bibliography:
-
DuBois, Page (1979).
Of Horse/Men, Amazons, and Endogamy. Arethusa. Volume12:
35-49. Amazonomachy: The
only reference to Amazons is comparing centauromachy and
amazonomachy
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Research
path:
- check
all primary sources on this issue
- consult
secondary source interpretations, including interpretations in
feminist reinterpretations (see Wein--)
- compare
artistic representations & literary descriptions
Presentation:
- discuss
primary sources and incorprate secondary source interpretations
where helpful
- discuss
the modern interest in /treatment of this idea for its own sake
- introduce
comparative information about mutilation / gender roles in
other cultures
- conclusion?
Bibliography:
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Research path:
-
consult all
primary sources
-
consult modern
interpretations of the significance of Amazons’ sexual portrayal
-
survey modern
revisions of Amazon sexuality (i.e. Lesbian separatist perspectives)
Presentation:
-
determine threads
or chronological developments in the portrayals of Amazon sexuality
-
discuss the
significance of this, using modern interpretations
- add
a section on the reinterpretations we see in modern times (both
popular and political)
Bibliography:
-
Blundell, Sue (1995).
“Chapter 5.” In
Women in Ancient Greece.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Chapter gives
basics regarding Amazons’ view of marriage, sexual relationships
and view of children.
-
Herodotus:
Historian; ca. 484-430 BCE Sex and Marriage:
Relationship with young Scythian men for purpose of
procreation: Amazons united with young Scythian males and convinced
them to leave their parents and go with them to live together;
Amazon custom that women could not marry until they had killed enemy
in battle.
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Plutarch:
Biographer; ca. 45 B.C.E. – 123 A.D. Sexuality: Describes
Amazons as “naturally lovers of men”; yet, he implies a certain
loyalty on the part of Antiope toward Theseus when she rejects the
advances of his comrade.
-
Hardwick, Lorna
(1990). Ancient
Amazons-Heroes, Outsiders or Women?
Greece and Rome 36.l: 15-36.
Sexuality: Discussion
the various viewpoints of the primary sources relative to Amazon
sexuality - from that seen as a threat to Greek masculinity to the
ultimate feminine weakness that contributed to their defeat.
-
Deacy, S. (1997).
Athena and the Amazons: mortal and immortal femininity in
GreekMyth. What is a God? Studies
in the nature of Greek divinity.
Ed. Alan B. Lloyd, London:
Duckworth. 153-168.
Amazon Sexuality: Discussion
of the importance of partheneia (virginity) and andreia (manliness)
in Amazonian culture and Athena’s lifestyle.
-
Becker, T. Harrington, "Ambiguity and the
Female Warrior: Vergil's Camilla," Electronic Antiquity (August
1997); web link from Diotima. A detailed description is
given of Camilla's beauty
-
Diodorus Siculus (historian, ca 90-21BCE
Sexuality: Describes
the Amazons as virgins while serving in the army.
-
Tyrrell, William Blake. Amazons: A Study in Athenian Mythmaking.
"Amazon Customs and the Patriarchy" Sexuality: Scythians
having sex with Amazons, sexual customs
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Research Path
-
consult the
primary sources referring to how Amazons get/raise children, and
look for portrayals of family relationships between Amazons in the
sources
-
look at depictions
of women’s roles in typical Greek family life, including their
relationship to children
-
consult secondary
sources for interpretations of Children and Family issues
Presentation:
-
compare and
contrast the ancient accounts
-
compare and
contrast the typical Greek family and Amazons
-
incorporate
secondary source discussions in both
-
your conclusion
Bibliography:
-
Lefkowitz, Mary R. (1986). Women in Greek
Myth. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.
Section that mentions the marriage law and male babies.
-
Diodorus Siculus (historian, ca 90-21BCE
Children and families:
The men were the keepers of the hearth and raised the
children
-
Tyrrell, William Blake. Amazons: A Study in Athenian Mythmaking.
"Amazon Customs and the Patriarchy" *Children and
Family: mulitated babies, men took care of children
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Research path:
-
consult all
primary sources on how Amazons “make a living,” noting when
sources omit to mention this if they treat other issues fully.
What is the place of this practical item in the ancient
accounts of Amazons?
-
discuss modern
interpretations – if you can find any!
-
consult sources
about the lifestyle of the Scything, Sauromatians and Sarmatians, or
any other group whose lifestyle might have modeled Amazons for the
Greeks or for us, and see what parallels you can find
Presentation:
-
Give and overview
of our knowledge of this issue
-
comment on its
importance or lack thereof in accounts of Amazons
-
discuss the
possible lifestyles of peoples who might be the best parallels for
Amazons
Bibliography:
Lefkowitz, Mary R. (1986). Women in Greek
Myth. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.
The Breast Thing: discussion
of Amazons removing the right breast and how
the babies were fed since the Amazons did not use their breasts.
Children and Family: section
that mentions the marriage law and male
babies.
Amazons as Reversal of
Greeks: section discussing Amazons as warriors
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Research Path:
- Read primary sources for information
about both how the Amazon nation began, or how it ended; look also
for any indication in primary sources that there are still Amazons
alive at the time the author is writing.
- Read secondary source interpretations
that discuss the significance of these motifs, especially the fall
of the Amazons
- See if you can come up with a
historical picture that hangs together, or whether you find problems
and differences that cannot be resolved
- Try to get some background on origin
myths (myths that refelct the origin of a people) and see if any of
these ideas apply
- Compare the dates of contemporary
people (i.e. Sarmatians & Sauromatians) in relation to the
supposed dates of the Amazons
Presentation:
- Introduce the topic with a preveiw of
your conclusions about the completeness/uniformity of the history in
the primary sources
- Survey the different accounts of
origins and ends
- discuss the significance,
incorporating secondary sources
Bibliography:
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Research Path:
- Collect primary sources that discuss
the gods the Amazons worshipped, especially if there are specific
references to ritual practices
- Research the background of these
gods, especially the practice of worship relating to them
- Research cross-cultural appearances
of these gods, especially with attention to Eastern deities
("Zeus and Hestia" of the Scythians, or Cybele in her
Eastern context), and see whether the depictions of Amazon religion
have any connection with actual Eastern practices
Presentation:
- Working from the primary sources,
determine if there is widespread agreement about the gods of the
Amazons
- Convey the information you determined
about the individual gods and how Amaozns are portrayed worshipping
them
- Analyze whether this is a complete
picture of a religion, or one which shows the Greeks'bias;
- analyze whether the religious
structure the sources show reflects real practices from other parts
of the world that may have given rise to the stories;
- Give an overview of the significance
of Amazon religion
Bibliography:
-
Deacy, S. (1997).
Athena and the Amazons: mortal and immortal femininity in
Greek Myth. What is a God? Studies
in the nature of Greek divinity.
Ed. Alan B. Lloyd, London:
Duckworth. 153-168.
Athena & the Amazons: This
chapter discusses the similarities and differences between Athena
and the Amazons.
-
Wilde, Lynn
Webster. "On The Trail of Women Warriors: The
Amazons in Myth and History"
Amazonian Religion: Explores their connection to Ares, and
includes a chapter on the connections the Amazons have to Artemis in
her dual roles as huntress/virgin and fertility icon. Another
chapter talks about connections to Athene, Cybele, and Dionysus.
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Research Path:
- Investigate Amazons who appear in local or other religious cults,
going from references in primary sources (e.g. Pausanias, Plutarch,
etc.); focus on tombs of Amazons, Amazons as founders of cities, and
so on
- Investigate secondary source
discussions of these Amazon monuments or appearances in cult
- Do background research into hero cult
in Greece, especially heroines
Presentation:
- Present the variety of ways Amazons
appear as focuses of cult in Greece (and Rome?)
- Present background on hero cult and
its functions
- descruss how Amazons fit into the
pattern of Greek hero cult; does this give us informtaion about the
way Amazons were regarded or resepcted in Greek culture?
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Research
Path:
- investigate
primary sources about Spartan women
- read
secondary sources to get a clear picture of Spartan lifestyle &
perspective of Athenian and other comment on it.
- compare
primary source comment on Spartan women (or Spartans in general) and
primary source comments on Amazons
Presentation
- overview
of Spartan society with focus on Spartan women
- comment
on parallels and differences with Amazons
- comment
on Spartans and Amazons as “others” in relation to mainly
Athenian primary sources
- your
conclusions
Bibliography:
- Wilde, Lynn Webster.
"On The Trail of Women Warriors: The Amazons in Myth and
History"
Spartan Women: Goes into detail about the role of and freedoms
that Spartan women enjoyed over Athenian women.
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Research
Path:
- consult
primary sources for versions of the story
- consult
interpretations in secondary sources
- look
more broadly, into the theme of islands of women & women as
separatist communities
Presentation:
- brief
discussion/presentation of the story, noting differences in primary
sources or what is mentioned most frequently
- compare
the issues of this story with Amazons in similar primary sources
- possibly,
discuss the significance of this story to modern ideas of separatism
Bibliography:
- Wilde, Lynn Webster.
"On The Trail of Women Warriors: The Amazons in Myth and
History"
Lemnian Women: Discusses the myth, and the possible reality
behind it.
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Research
Path:
- consult
secondary sources about Dahomey Amazons; primary sources will be
quotes from secondary source work
- look
in particular for some of the themes we have discussed in class, in
the Dahomey culture(i.e., separatism, identity as male vs. female,
warfare style and economy as supporting factors for women as
warriors, etc.
Presentation
- Give
an overview of the extent and nature of the Dahomey Amazon
phenomenon, accessible to people who have not heard of it before
- describe
similarities and differences in Dahomey Amazons and descriptions of
Greek Amazons as a separatist society
- give
an overview of what our knowledge of Dahomey women warriors gives us
for interpreting past societies & the Amazons in particular
Bibliography:
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| Sauromatians
and Sarmatians |
Assigned to: Chris
Malpass & Amy Pollard |
Research
Path:
- consult
secondary sources on the role of women in Sauro-Sarmatian society;
include scholarly as well as popular works
- consult
Greek and Roman primary sources on Sauromatians and Sarmatians,
especially as relevant to women warriors & women’s status
- gather
information on lifestyle as supported by archeological excavations,
and supplement this with some information on ethnographic comparison
of modern Eurasian nomads
Presentation:
- give
an overview of the Greek & Roman encounter with Sauromatians and
Sarmatians, focusing on stories which mention women’s roles in
warfare or leadership
- describe
the Sauro-Sarmatians as excavations have revealed them
- discuss
what issues may have led to the prominence of women in those
societies relative to other contemporary societies
- make
sure the relationship between this material and our work on Amazons
is clear
Bibliography:
-
Ed. By Jeannine Davis-Kimball, Vladimir
Bashiolv, and Leonid Yablonsky.
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age “Chapter
4” (1995): Zinet Press, Berkely. Chapter
4: “A Brief Review of
the History of the Sauromatian and Sarmatian Tribes” by Mirina
Moshkova. Detailed description on every aspect of these tribes. Archaeological evidence: on Sauromation/Sarmation tribes including weaponry and dress.
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Herodotus:
Historian; ca. 484-430 BCE Sauromatians: Discusses
the ancestry of this nomadic tribe of warrior women as descendants
of the Amazons, uniting with Scythian males to form new tribe.
- Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. Warrior Women: An
Archaeologists Search for History's Hidden Heroines. Chaper 4: Power
of the Sword (50-66).Politics-According to Davis-Kimball there was
some class structure, she found evidence of priestesses and warriors
Lifestyle-this is only inferred from the artifacts
she found including spindle whorls, dagger, arrowheads, spearhead,
shells, and boars tusk References-She used
Herodotus as a main source of history
- Davis-Kimball, Jeanine. Sauro-Sarmation Nomadic Women: New
GenderIdentities. The Journal of Indo-European Studies. Vol. 253/4
1997. Pg.327-343. Physical evidence of Warrior Women: Archaeological
evidence showingSaruo-Sarmation women as warriors. Evidence of
Amazons outside of Greek Culture: Remains of women with Amazon like
qualities in the Eurasian Stepps. Are Sauro-Sarmation Women Amazons:
Evidence for both sides of this debate found in the remains.
|
| Map
of Amazon Locales |
Assigned to: Lauren
Oliver |
Research
path:
- Research
primary sources for references to where Amazons live and journey to;
- Research
Eurasian nomads which can be shown to have high statuses, in
particular warrior statuses, for women
- Find
a map and note these places; making sure the key distinguishes
between
- primary
source references: homes
- primary
source references: places Amazons fought or visited
- archeological
information
Presentation:
- A
map, with sites marked and hyperlinked
- description
of each spot on the map, giving references to primary source that
mentioned it (or excavation information)
- Brief
discussion of issues such as, significance of the distant locales of
the Amazons (See Tyrrell on oikoumene; other authors on relationship
with Eastern Nomads)
Bibliography:
-
Blundell, Sue (1995).
“Chapter 5.” In
Women in Ancient Greece.
Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gives geographic
location around Black Sea along with era of existence.
-
Ed. By Jeannine Davis-Kimball, Vladimir
Bashiolv, and Leonid Yablonsky.
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age “Chapter
4” (1995): Zinet Press, Berkely. Chapter
4: “A Brief Review of
the History of the Sauromatian and Sarmatian Tribes” by Mirina
Moshkova. Tribe locations are in northern steppes of Black Sea
region.
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Herodotus:
Historian; ca. 484-430 BCE Includes River Thermodon, Scythia, and Amazons settling
with Scythian partners on other side of Tanais.
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Plutarch:
Biographer; ca. 45 B.C.E. – 123 A.D. Locales: City of
Pythopolis founded by Theseus in honor of his comrade Soloon; area
involved in the Amazon invasion of Athens; burial grounds of Amazons
slain during the battle.
- Davis-Kimball, Jeannine. Warrior Women: An
Archaeologists Search for History's Hidden Heroines. Chaper 4: Power
of the Sword (50-66). Location-Cimmerians,
Scythians, and Sauromations (Eurasian Steppes) modern day Turkey,
Black Sea, Ukraine
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Deacy, S. (1997).
Athena and the Amazons: mortal and immortal femininity in
GreekMyth. What is a God? Studies
in the nature of Greek divinity.
Ed. Alan B. Lloyd, London:
Duckworth. 153-168.
Amazon locales: This
chapter mentions Amazonland associated with Lake Tritonis in Libya
and that the Amazons were outsiders to other communities as well as
civilization.
-
Wilde, Lynn
Webster. "On The Trail of Women Warriors: The
Amazons in Myth and History"
Map: Pinpoints/discusses mythical Amazon 'homelands.'
-
Tyrrell, William Blake. Amazons: A Study in
Athenian Mythmaking. "Amazon Customs and the
Patriarchy" Map/Locale: Amazons didn't want to live close
to places they attacked/ moved away
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Research Path: Vast and requiring
coordination . . .
Presentation:
Bibliography:
- 2) Weinbaum, Batya (1999). Islands of Women and Amazons: Representations and
Realities. University of Texas Press, Austin. (Chapter 4) Amazons Throughout the Course of Literature: With the continuation of
Amazon representation in literature emerges a more distorted and inaccurate portrayal of these
women warriors. Greek writers distort the positive attributes of the Amazon archetype (ie.
feminine power, government without the aid of men) in order to maintain superiority to them.
-
Brown, Marilyn. www.GenderGap.com
Amazons in Popular Culture: This
website provides accounts of Amazonian-like women throughout history
from pre-history to the 20th century from all over the
world. This site is not
very detailed, but it serves as a good starting place to find out
about different groups of women that were much like the Amazons.
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Research Path:
Presentation:
Bibliography:
- Weinbaum, Batya (1999). Islands of Women and Amazons: Representations and
Realities. University of Texas Press, Austin. (Chapter 6)The
Homeric Amazon: This Amazon was most likely distorted from the pre-
Homeric archetype. The absence of descriptions of Amazonian social constructs helps support
the idea that the Greeks purposely left out key aspects of these women's lives to fit their own
agenda.
- Just, Roger. Women Athenian Law and Life.AN ethnological approach
to the Amazon issue. 2. Not concerned with physical evidence of
there existence but rather there influence on societies.
- Lefkowitz, Mary R. (1986). Women in Greek Myth.
Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press. Section
discussing Amazons as warriors
- Becker, T. Harrington, "Ambiguity and the Female Warrior:
Vergil's Camilla," Electronic Antiquity (August 1997); web link
from Diotima.Discussion of rejection of the appropriate roles and
actions of women (wife and mother), waging war, and chastity.
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Diodorus Siculus (historian, ca 90-21BCE)
Amazons as Reversal of Greeks:
Diodorus repeats a story about Libyan Amazons that practiced
the art of war, served in the army, and were leaders in the affairs
of state.
-
Tyrrell, William Blake. Amazons: A Study in Athenian Mythmaking.
"Amazon Customs and the Patriarchy" Reversal of Greek:
differences in sexual practices, marriage rituals, women had
skills esp. with fighting and weapons
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Research Path:
Presentation:
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Research Path:
Presentation:
Bibliography:
- Weinbaum, Batya (1999). Islands of Women and Amazons: Representations and
Realities. University of Texas Press, Austin. (Chapter 6)Myrina and the Iliad: The brief description of Myrina, Queen of the Amazons, in
the Iliad supports the idea that Amazons existed before the Homeric recordings. She is describedin a way that assumes the audience is already familiar with her existence. She is vital in
understanding the pre-Homeric Amazon.
- Quintus of Smyrna Amazon names: List of the Amazons who
participated in the battle.
-
alphabetical list of Amazon women: names and significance
(who was she, who was she related to, who did she fight in battle,
what her name means) might be helpful if looking for a particular
Amazon, however, information is short and no sources are listed.
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Research Path:
Presentation:
Bibliography:
- Wilde, Lynn Webster.
"On The Trail of Women Warriors: The Amazons in Myth and
History"
Epithets: Discusses possible other origins, other than the
Greek, of the word 'Amazon'
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Research Path:
- Research Amazons in art in the Greek
world, paying attention to chronology and media -- when they appear
in what sorts of media.
- Research secondary source
interpretations of the way Amazons are depicted in art.
- Look for images that are available
online, and save the hyperlinks, to illustrate your discussion.
Presentation:
- Give an overview of when Amazons are
portrayed in what media -- this could take several different forms,
e.g. a table or a clearly labeled narrative
- Discuss ideas of why Amazons are
portrayed as they are, focusing on themes you think are important,
worked in with your own conclusions.
Bibliography:
-
Hardwick, Lorna
(1990). Ancient
Amazons-Heroes, Outsiders or Women?
Greece and Rome 36.l: 15-36.
Amazons in Art: Discussion
of the various changes in the depiction of Amazons in Greek art
including Black Figure and Red Figure Vase Paintings as well as in
sculpture as these changes correspond with the changes seen in the
written accounts of the Amazon legend.
- Van Bothmer, Dietrich. Amazons In Greek Art. Oxford At The
Clarendon Press, 1957, Chapters 9 and 10 pgs.(131-207).Chapter 9:
Attic Red Figure Vases, Background on red figure
technique, different views and positionings of the bodies and
figures, white was soon added to vase or cup to give it more depth
and meaning to the piece. At this time animals are becoming more
significant in the art work. Chapter 10: Styles of the
ancient artist, movement starting to be more evident on the vases
and cups, animal symbolism is also becoming more evident in each
piece of art work, battles scenes are more detailed.
- The Eye of Greece: Studies of Art in Athens. Kurtz, Donna;
Sparkes, Brian. Caimbridge University Press. New York New York
1982. Ch. 1: Herakles, Theseus and Amazons Amazon Art:
Descriptions of major pieces of art including the Treasury.
Amazons and Heroes: Images of Theseus and Antiope and Herekles and
Hyppolita in art
pieces.
- Wilde, Lynn Webster.
"On The Trail of Women Warriors: The Amazons in Myth and
History"
Amazons in Art: Various ways that Amazons are depicted in art
and various possible interpretations. Discusses archaeological
finds in Samsun (art depicting nymphs riding seahorses, wearing
helmets and brandishing swords, and goddess figurines).
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Research Path
Presentation
Bibliography
- On The Tral of the Women Warriors. UK-Constable. USA-St. Martins
Press. Women Warriors-the spiritual dimension. It relates the
women warriors of the past to the lack of them today.
- Women as Warriors in Prehistory, the Ancient World and up to the
7th Century outside Europe. Lothene Experimental Archaelogy.
It gives an overview of ancient texts and there concern with warrior
women. The Rig-Veda, the Bible, and Arabic texts are cited. Goes
through the entrance of these female groups in chronological order
- Becker, T. Harrington, "Ambiguity and the Female Warrior:
Vergil's Camilla," Electronic Antiquity (August 1997); web link
from Diotima. Camilla is described as being compilation of
different types of unorthodox women (virginal huntress and warrior
women). Camilla and her women are explicitly described as being
Amazon-like and Camilla is compared to Hippolyta and
Penthesilea several times in the text.
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