ācer, ācris, acre 

  bitter, sharp

acerbus, -a, -um 

  bitter

acūtus, -am –um 

 sharp, keen, acute

adeō 

  to the point where …

adeō, -īre, adiī, adītum 

  to approach, to visit

adficiō (afficiō), afficere, affecī, affectum

 to affect

aetās, aetātis  f 

 age

aliquis, aliquid

 someone, something

alloquor (adloquor), -ī, allocutus sum  

  to speak to or with someone

altus, -a, -um 

  high, deep

aequō, -āre, -āvi, -ātum 

 to equal

antehac 

  before this

appareō, -ere, apparuī

 to appear

apud 

 near, by, with; apud me, “at my house”

ara, -ae  f 

 altar

ardeō, -ere, arsī, arsum 

 to burn

artificium, -ī  n 

 craft

asper, -era, -erum 

  rough, harsh, severe, wild

aspiciō, -ere, aspexī, aspectum 

  to look at

ater, atra, atrum 

 black

assiduē 

  continually, all the time

atque (also ac) 

 and also

at

 but

audeō, -ēre, ausus sum 

  to dare

auferō, auferre, abstulī, ablātum 

  to carry away

aut; aut … aut 

 or, or else; either … or

beatus, -a, -um 

  blessed

bellus, -a, -um 

  beautiful, handsome

bibō, -ere, bibī 

  to drink

brevis, -e 

  brief

campus, -ī  m 

  field

candidus, -a, -um 

 white

caput, capitis  n 

 head

cārus, -a –um  

  dear

castus, -a, -um

 chaste, innocent, pure

cēdō, cēdere, cessi, cessum 

 to go, to yield

centum 

  a hundred

cinis, cineris,  m

 ashes

civitas, civitātis,  f 

 city

cogito, -āre, -āvī, -ātum 

 to think

cognitus, -a, -um

 known

cōgnosco, -ere, cōgnōvī, cōgnitum

 I know, I understand

cōgō, -ere, coegi, coactum 

 to force

commodus, -a, -um  

 proper, agreeable

concēdō, -ere, -cessī, -cessum + dative 

 to concede, give over

coniugium, -ī  n 

 marriage

cor, cordis  n  

 heart, soul, spirit

crās 

  tomorrow

crēdō, -ere, crēdidī, crēditum  + dative 

  to believe

creō, -āre, creāvī, creātum 

  to create, bring forth

culpa, -ae  f 

  fault, blame, infidelity

cūra, -ae  f 

  a care or concern

custos, custōdis  m or f

 guard, guardian

deieciō, -ere, -iecī, -iectum 

 to throw down

deinde (also dein) 

  then

dēliciae, -ārum  f pl 

  pet, darling

dēsinō, -ere, desiī, desītum 

  to stop, cease

dicō, -ere, dixi, dictum  

 I say

dies, dieī,  m 

  day

dīligō, -ere, dīlēxī, dīlēctum 

  to esteem, cherish, love

exercitus, -ūs  m 

  army

discēdō, -ere, discessī, discessum 

 to go away

dives, divitis 

  rich (here divites plural means “riches”)

doleō, -ēre, doluī 

  to suffer

domus, -us  or –ī  f  

 home

donec 

  up to the time when , until; so long as, while

dōnō, -āre, -āvi, -ātum 

  to give

dormiō, -ire, -ivi, -itum 

 to sleep

dulcis, -e 

  sweet

dummodo 

  provided that, so long as

dūrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum

 to become hard

educō, -ere, -duxī, -ductum 

 to bring up, “educate”

egredior, egredī, egressus sum

 to leave

ensis, ensis, m 

 sword

epulum, -i  n 

 a feast

etsī 

  even if

exeō, -ire, -iī, -itum 

 to leave

exitium, -ī  n 

  doom, destrution

expavescō, -ere, expavī 

  to fear greatly, dread

fās (indecl.) 

  what is permissible or right under natural or divine law

fatālis, -e 

  deadly

fateor, fatērī, fassus sum 

  to confess, admit

fatum, -ī  n 

  fate

ferō, ferre, tulī, latum

 to carry

fīdes, fīdeī  f 

 trust, faith

fiō, fierī, factus sum 

 to happen

flavus, -a, -um 

  blond, fair

fleō, flēre, flēvī, flētum 

  to weep, drip, trickle

flūmen, flūminis  n 

  river

focus, -ī  m 

  hearth (the center of the home); home

fore 

 actually a form of sum, used as perfect subjunctive and future infinitive

formosus, -a, -um 

 beautiful

Fors, Fortis  f 

  fate (personified)

fortis, -e 

 brave, strong

fortūna, -ae f 

  fortune, fate, chance

frigus, frigōris  n 

  cold

gēns, gentis  f 

 clan, stock, people, tribe, nation

gladius, -ī m 

 sword

gracilis, -e 

  graceful

gravis, grave 

 serious, heavy

hora, -ae  f 

  hour, time

hic, haec, hoc

 this, these (in plural)

hortor, hortārī, hortātus sum 

  to urge

hospēs, hospitis m/f  

 traveler, guest

iaceō, -ēre, iacuī 

  to lie down, be prostrate

iaciō, -ere, iecī, iactum 

  to throw

ianua, -ae  f 

  door

identidem 

  again and again

ignis, ignis  m 

 fire

imperō,  -āre, -āvī, -ātum  + dat. 

  to command

impotēns, impotentis 

  lacking self-control, powerless, headstrong

incitō, -āre, -āvi, ātum 

  to provoke, incite

inde 

 from there

indignus, -a, -um 

 undeserving

indignē

 unworthily, undeservedly, impatiently

intereā 

 meanwhile

lapis, lapidis, m

 stone

lectus, -ī  m 

 bed

legō, legere, lēgi, lectum

 I read, I choose

lēnis, -e 

  smooth, mild, gentle

lepidus, -a, -um 

 pleasant

levis, -e 

  light, of little worth, fickle, contemptible

liberī, -orum  m. pl. 

 children

libet, libēre, libuit  + dative  

  “it pleases”

lignum, -ī  m 

  wood

linquo, -ere, liqui, lictum

 I leave behind

litus, litoris  n 

 shore

loquor, -ī, locutus sum 

  to speak, say

lūdō, -ere, lūsī, lūsum 

  to play

lūmen, lūminis  n 

  light, (pl. eyes)

mālō, mālle, māluī 

  to prefer, to want (something) more

māne  (indeclinable)

  morning; "early"

mare, maris  n 

 sea

mē, tē

 me, you (direct object or object of preposition)

mēns, mentis  f 

 mind

meus, -a, -um 

  my

mihi, tibi

 to me, to you

mille 

  a thousand

miser, misera, miserum 

 unhappy, miserable, wretched

moenia, -ium  n. pl. 

 city walls

mollis, mollis 

  soft

mordeō, -ēre, momordī, morsum 

 to bite

mors, mortis  f 

  death

mens, mentis  f 

  mind

mōs, mōris m 

 will, inclination, custom; plural: ways, conduct, character, morals

mulier, mulieris  f 

 a woman

multum  (adv.) 

 to command

mūnus, mūneris  n 

  to join

mutō, -āre, -āvī, ātum 

 to change

mūtus, -a, -um 

 unspeaking, mute

nato, -āre, -āvī, -ātum

 to swim

navigō, -āre, -āvī, ātum 

 to sail

nē 

  so that … not

nec, neque 

 and not or and … not

nec…nec and neque … neque 

 neither … nor

neco, -āre, -āvi, -ātum 

 to kill

nēquīquam 

  in vain

nesciō, -īre, -iī, -ītum 

 to not know 

nesciō + infinitive

 to not be able to [do]

nesciō quis/quid 

  someone, something

nescius, -a, -um 

  unknowing, unaware

nimium 

  too much

nisi 

 if … not

nobis (dat. or abl.) 

  (to) us

nōlō, nōlle, nōluī 

  to not … wish; to be unwilling, to refuse

nōmen, nōminis  n  

 name

noscō, -ere, nōvī, notum 

  to know

obdūrō,- āre, -āvī, -ātum 

  to hold out, to become inured to or resolved against 

obliviscor, -ī, oblitus sum  (deponent)  + genitive

 to forget

opera, -ae  f    [mea opera  ]

 pains, trouble, exertion  [“thanks to me”]

occīdō, -ere, occīdī, occīsum 

  to kill

occīdō, -ere, occīdī, occasum 

  to set

officium, ī  n 

  duty

onus, oneris  n 

  burden

oportet, oportēre, oportuit (+ inf.) 

  it is necessary, one ought

ōratiō, -ōnis  f 

 speeches, prayers

orior, orīrī, ortus sum 

  to arise

ostendō, -ere, ostendi, ostentum 

  to show

ōtium, ī  n 

  freedom from responsibility

pār, paris (m, f, n)

  equal

patior, patī, passus sum 

  to suffer, endure, permit

paulum, -ī  n  

 a little thing, a trifle

pariēs, pariētis,  m 

  wall (of a house)

pareō, -ēre, paruī + dat. 

  to be obedient to, obey

pavor, pavoris  m 

  fear

perdō, perdere, perdidī, perditum 

  to destroy, ruin, lose

pereō, -īre, periī, peritum  (from eo, -ire) 

 to die, perish, be lost

perlego, -ere, -lēgī, -lectum  

 I read through

permittō, -ere, permīsī, permissum 

  to allow, permit

pervenio, -īre, -venī, -ventum 

  to arrive

pēs, pedis  m 

  foot

petō, -ere, petīvī, petitum 

 to seek, ask, demand, strive for

piscis, -is  m 

  fish

pius, -a, -um

 pious, attentive to religious propriety

placeō, -ēre, placuī, placitum  + dat. 

  to be pleasing to

plus, pluris (neuter singular)

 “more” (from multus, -a, -um)

polliceor, -ēri, pollicitus sum (deponent) 

 to promise

ponō, -ere, posuī, positum 

 to place, put

porro 

 but, indeed

portō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum 

 to carry

portus, -us  m 

 harbor

potēns, potentis 

  powerful

potis, -e 

 possible

postrēmus, -a, -um 

  the last, worst, hindmost (superlative of posterus, “following”)

prae + abl. 

  instead of, before

praebeō, -ēre, praebuī, praebitum 

  to offer, provide

praecipiō, -ere, -cepī, -ceptum 

 to command

praestō, praestare, praestitī, praestatum

 to surpass

prendō, -ere, prendī, prensum 

  to take

prīscus, -a, -um 

  ancient, old

prius 

  before, previously

procedō, -ere, -cedī, -cessum

 to go forward

prōdō, prōdere, prōdidī, prōditum 

 to betray (can also mean, to put forward, publish)

proficiscor, -ī, profectus sum 

 to set forth

proponō, -ere, -posui, -positum 

 to put out, to offer

pugna, -ae  f 

 battle

quaerō, -ere, quaesīvī, quaesītum 

 to seek, look for

quantus, -a, -um 

 how great a …

quidem (postpositive) 

  indeed, certainly, even

quō 

 to where

quondam 

 formerly, once; sometime(s)

quotiens 

  how often, how many times

rārus, -a, -um 

 scarce

redeō, redīre, rediī, redītum 

 to go back

regnō, -āre, -āvi, -ātum 

 to rule

relegō, -ere, -legī, -lectum

 I read through

repentē 

 suddenly

requīrō, -ere, requīsīvī, requīsītum 

  to seek after, to look for again

respondeō, -ere, respondī, responsum 

  to answer

retineō, -ere, -tenuī, -tentum 

 to hold back

revertō, -ere, -vertī, -versum

 to return or turn back

revolvō, -ere, -volvī, -volutum

 to wind

rideō, -ēre, rīsi, rīsum 

  to laugh, smile, look cheerful

ruina, -ae  f 

  destruction

rus, ruris, n 

 the country

sacerdōs, sacerdōtis, m or f 

  priest (also, monk)

saevus, -a, -um 

  savage, cruel

scilicet 

  certainly, clearly

sciō, scire, scivī, scitum 

  to know

se 

  him- or her- self, themselves

sedeō, -ēre, sēdi. sessum 

  to sit

senex , senis,  m

  an old man

sepulcrum, -ī  n  

 tomb

sequor, sequī, secutus sum 

  to follow

sermō, semōnis  m 

 speech, manner of talking

serpens, serpentis  f 

  snake

serviō, -īre, servīvī, servitum + dat. 

  to be a slave to; serve

servō, -āre, -āvi, -ātum  

 preserve, protect, save

sīdus, sīderis  n 

  star, constellation

signum, -ī  n 

 sign, indication

silva, -ae  f 

 forest

sive … sive (seu … seu)

 whether … or

sodalis, sodalis   m or f 

  friend, companion

sōl, sōlis  m 

  sun

soleō, solēre, solitus sum 

  to be accustomed

sonitus, ūs  m 

  sound, noise

spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātum 

  look for, expect, hope for

stō, stāre, steti, statum

 to stop, to stand

studeō, -ēre, studuī + dative 

  to direct one’s zeal to, be eager for, study

sum, esse, fui, futurum

 I am

superō , -āre, āvī, ātum 

  to surpass

superbus, -a, -um 

  proud

supponō, -ere, -posui, -positum

 to place under

taceō, -ēre, tacuī, tacitum 

  to be silent

tālis, -e 

  such, of this kind

tam

 so, to such a degree

tam … quam  

  as … as

tantus, tanta, tantum 

  such a great …

tegō, -ere. tēxī, tēctum 

  to cover

tellus, -ūs  f 

  earth, ground

tempestas, tempestātis  f 

 storm

tempus, -ōris  n 

  time

tenebrae, -arum  f. pl. 

  darkness, night, blindness, obscurity

teneō, -ēre, tenuī, tentum 

  to hold

tenuis, -e 

  fine, thin

trādō, -ere, trādidi, trāditum 

  to hand over, to hand down

tristis, -e 

  sad, grim

tum autem 

 but also, in addition

tuus, tua, tuum 

  your

ullus, -a, -um 

 any

ullus, -a, -um 

 any

unde 

  from where

urgeō, ēre, ursī 

  to push, press, drive, urge

usque

 all the way, continuously, through and through

usque dum 

 until (the point when)

ūtor, ūtī, ūsus sum 

  to use, enjoy, experience

vacuus, -a, -um 

  empty, void, at leisure, vain

valde (adv)

 greatly, a lot

ventus, -ī  m 

  wind

vērē(adv.) 

 truly, really

vērō (adv.)  (also vērum)

 but, indeed

vehō, -ere, vexī, vectum 

 to carry

velut 

  just as

vertō, -ere, vertī, versum 

 to turn

vestīmentum, -ī  n 

  clothing (usually plural)

vetus, veteris 

  old

vīlis, -e 

  cheap, common

vīncō, -ere, vīcī, victum 

 to conquer

vindicō, -are, -avi, -atum 

 claim, assume appropriate, liberate  “Claim [as the most worthy]”)

virtus, virtutis  f

 virtue, good qualities

vīs (acc. vim; abl. vī; pl. nom. vīres)

 stength, power, force

vix 

  scarcely

vōbis (dat. or abl. 

  (to) you

volō, velle, voluī 

  to wish, to want

voluntas, voluntātis,  f 

 will (i.e. what someone wants or intends)

volvō, -ere, volvī, volutum 

 to turn

vultus, -ūs  m 

  face

vulgus, vulgeris 

  the common crowd

adeo 

  to the point where …

adficio (afficio), afficere, affeci, affectum

 to affect

aetas, aetatis  f 

 age

aliquis, aliquid

 someone, something

aequo, -are, -avi, -atum 

 to equal

appareo, -ere, apparui

 to appear

apud 

 near, by, with; apud me, “at my house”

ara, -ae  f 

 altar

ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum 

 to burn

ater, atra, atrum 

 black

candidus, -a, -um 

 white

caput, capitis  n 

 head

castus, -a, -um

 chaste, innocent, pure

cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum 

 to go, to yield

cinis, cineris,  m

 ashes

civitas, civitatis,  f 

 city

cogito, -are, -avi, -atum 

 to think

cognitus, -a, -um

 known

cognosco, -ere, cognovi, cognitum

 I know, I understand

cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum 

 to force

commodus, -a, -um  

 proper, agreeable

concedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum + dative 

 to concede, give over

cor, cordis  n  

 heart, soul, spirit

credo, -ere, credidi, creditum  + dative

  to believe

creo, -are, creavi, creatum 

  to create, bring forth

custos, custodis  m or f

 guard, guardian

deiecio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum 

 to throw down

dico, -ere, dixi, dictum  

 I say

diligo, -ere, dilexi, dilectum  

 I love, esteem, prize

domus, -us  or –i  f  

 home

dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itum 

 to sleep

educo, -ere, -duxi, -ductum 

 to bring up, “educate”

egredior, egredi, egressus sum

 to leave

ensis, ensis, m 

 sword

exeo, -ire, -ii, -itum 

 to leave

exitium, -i  n 

  doom, destrution

expavesco, -ere 

 to become terrified

fero, ferre, tuli, latum

 to carry

fides, fidei  f 

 trust, faith

fio, fieri, factus sum 

 to happen

fore 

 actually a form of sum, used as perfect subjunctive and future infinitive

gladius, -i m 

 sword

hic, haec, hoc

 this, these (in plural)

hospes, hospitis m/f  

 traveler, guest

iacio, -ere, ieci, iactum 

  to throw

ignis, ignis  m 

 fire

inde 

 from there

inquaero, -ere, inquaesivi, inquaesitum

 to inquire or ask insistently

instituo, -ere, institui, institutum

 to establish

interficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum 

  to kill

itaque 

 and so

iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum 

 to command

iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctum 

  to join

lacrima, -ae  f

 tear (as in crying)

lapis, lapidis, m

 stone

lectus, -i  m 

 bed

lego, legere, legi, lectum

 I read, I choose

lepidus, -a, -um 

 pleasant

liberi, -orum  m. pl. 

 children

linquo, -ere, liqui, lictum

 I leave behind

litus, litoris  n 

 shore

mane  (indeclinable)

  morning; "early"

mare, maris  n 

 sea

me, te

 me, you (direct object or object of preposition)

mihi, tibi

 to me, to you

moenia, -ium  n. pl. 

 city walls

muto, -are, -avi, atum 

 to change

nato, -are, -avi, -atum

 to swim

navigo, -are, -avi, atum 

 to sail

neco, -are, -avi, -atum 

 to kill

nolo, nolle, nolui 

  to refuse, to not want to

nomen, nominis  n  

 name

obliviscor, -i, oblitus sum  (deponent)  + genitive

 to forget

occido, -ere, occidi, occisum 

  to kill

oratio, -onis  f 

 speeches, prayers

ostendo, -ere, ostendi, ostentum 

  to show

par, paris (m, f, n)

  equal

paulum, -i  n  

 a little thing, a trifle

pavor, pavoris  m 

  fear

pereo, perire, perii, peritum  (from eo, -ire) 

 to die, perish

perlego, -ere, -legi, -lectum  

 I read through

pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum 

  to arrive

piscis, -is  m 

  fish

pius, -a, -um

 pious, attentive to religious propriety

plus, pluris (neuter singular)

 “more” (from multus, -a, -um)

polliceor, -ere, pollicitus sum (deponent) 

 to promise

pono, -ere, posui, positum 

 to place, put

porro 

 but, indeed

porto, -are, -avi, -atum 

 to carry

portus, -us  m 

 harbor

praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum 

 to command

prendo, -ere, prendi, prensum 

  to take

procedo, -ere, -cedi, -cessum

 to go forward

prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum 

 to betray (can also mean, to put forward, publish)

proficiscor, -i, profectus sum 

 to set forth

propono, -ere, -posui, -positum 

 to put out, to offer

pugna, -ae  f 

 battle

quaero, -ere, quaesivi, quaesitum 

 to seek

quantus, -a, -um 

 how great a …

quo 

 to where

rarus, -a, -um 

 scarce

redeo, redire, redii, reditum 

 to go back

relego, -ere, -legi, -lectum

 I read through

repente 

 suddenly

retineo, -ere, -tenui, -tentum 

 to hold back

reverto, -ere, -verti, -versum

 to return or turn back

revolvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutum

 to wind

rus, ruris, n 

 the country

sacerdos, sacredotis, m or f 

  priest (also, monk)

scio, scire, scivi, scitum 

  to know

sermo, semonis  m 

 speech, manner of talking

sepulcrum, -i  n  

 tomb

servo, -are, -avi, -atum  

 preserve, protect, save

silva, -ae  f 

 forest

sive … sive (seu … seu)

 whether … or

sto, stare, steti, statum

 to stop, to stand

sum, esse, fui, futurum

 I am

suppono, -ere, -posui, -positum

 to place under

tempestas, tempestatis  f 

 storm

tum autem 

 but also, in addition

ullus, -a, -um 

 any

ullus, -a, -um 

 any

usque

 all the way, continuously, through and through

usque dum 

 until (the point when)

valde (adv)

 greatly, a lot

vero (adv.) 

 but, indeed

veho, -ere, vexi, vectum 

 to carry

verto, -ere, verti, versum 

 to turn

vinco, -ere, vici, victum 

 to conquer

virtus, virtutis  f

 virtue, good qualities

vis (acc. vim; abl. vi; pl. nom. vires)

 stength, power, force

voluntas, voluntatis,  f 

 will (i.e. what someone wants or intends)

volvo, -ere, volvi, volutum 

 to turn