STUDY GUIDE # 2
March 3, 2003
1) Read the book! This will help you when you take the exam.
2) What is E.B. Titchener credited for? Answer: Structuralism and the founding of the laboratory at Leipsic.
3) How does E.B. Titchener define the idea and the parts of structuralism?
4) Wundt's most enduring contribution to psychology is his students.
5) Wundt used introspection to observe his own consciousness
6) Wundt wanted to meet 3 basic goals. What are they?
7) Ebbinghaus is known for his studies on memory.
8) Voluntarism=breaking down the consciousness
9) What was Wundt best known for? Not for psychology lab, but for Volker psychology and his training of his students
10) Who developed a perception and what is a perception
11) Structuralism is not very different from voluntarism
12) Another important fact about Wundt is that he trained many great psychologists (ie Kraeplin, Cattell)
13) Structuralism was the first American school of psychology
14) Titchener wrote: "A Primer of Psychology" one the first American psychology books
15) Wundt believed there were two elements of consciouness:
1. sensations
2. perceptions
16) What were Titchener's 2 views?
1. believe what I believe (introspection)
2. or you're not a psychologist
17) Titchener brought the 1st school of psychology to America. This school is
Structuralism, which has the sole purpose of reducing the elements of the mind from irreducible parts
18) Despite his rigidity, Ticthener trained Margaret Hoy Washburn
18) Titcherner added images to the elements of psychology by Wundt
19) Aperception was Wundt's process of sensing in introspection
20) According to Titchener when immediate experiences are described correctly using introspection we're aware only of:
1. sensations
2. images
3. feelings
21) Sensations and images differ in quality, intensity, and duration
22) In Titchener psychology an unreal sensation is an image
23) Titchener brought Wundt's ideas to America. Used 3 elements of introspection rather than 2
24) Wundt-2 elements of conscious
1. Sensations
2. feelings
25) Ernst Weber (1795-1878) developed 2 point threshold in sensory psychology
26) Where did Titchener spend his life teaching? Cornell
27) Because Structuralism was so limited the school of structuralism died with Titchener
28) Titchener's psychology concerned only with normal mind. Not a science of mental comfort/improvement
29) Cattell's 4 areas of psychology?
30) Titchener- 3 elements of conscious
1. sensations
2. images
3. feelings
31) Titchener thought if you're going to study the mind, study the normal mind
32) What is apperception?
33) Ebbinghaus said that learning meaningful material takes 1/10 of the effort of learning nonsense
34) Psychology started with 4 rooms, 19 students, speaking 7 different languages
35) Anna Freud and her father used terms
1. id
2. ego
3. superego
please define these terms
36) Defenses used today: Avoidant, selective attention, and self presentation ploys
37) Wundt started lab and worked with Helmholtz (electrical impulses)
38) Edwin G. Boring wrote "History of Experimental Psychology"
39) Sigmund Freud=father of psychoanalysis
40) Anna Freud=mother of psychoanalysis
41) Who psychoanalyzed Anna Freud?
1) The Gestalt Principles of perception (proximity and similarity, continuity, closure, connectedness, and background
2) What is Ebbinghaus forgetting curve? What is its impact on memory?
3) Ebbinghaus studied the relationship of learning and information presented.
4) Gestalt qualitaten emphasized the wholeness rather than the parts something is made up of.
5) Freud believed that dreams were the road to the unconscious and are vitally important
6) Psychoanalysis was important to the development of psychology because it brought abnormal psychology into the field.
7) A Freudian slip is a way of exposing inner conflicts by saying the opposite of what a person intended to say.
8) 3 main men/founders of Gestalt Psychology
1. Koffka
2. Kohler
3. Wertheimer
9) What was Freuds 1st personality theory? Answer: Seduction
10) Who first outlined Gestalt therapy in 1951? Frederick Pals
11) Freud was a product of his time, influenced by the Conservative time, Darwinism, and Nazism. Although he was Jewish, Freud felt that he and his family would not be killed due to his status.
12) Freud used free association in his therapy to get at his patient unconscious. Freud ________ childhood by saying that children were no just small adults
13) Anna Freud became a leader in Child Psychanalysis
14) Anna Freud began Jackson Nursery in 1927 in order to study Child Development
15) Why was the psychoanalytiz theory so important to clinical psychology? Answer: Because it was the first to focus on unobservable events and abnormal functioning
16) What was on of the major influences of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution on science? Answer: it finally drew a distinct line between science and religion
17) Wolfgang Kohler studied Chimpanzees in the Canary Islands. Observed the “AHA” experience in problem solving behaviors which is figuring out problem without apparent steps.
18) Carl Stumpf: experience entice composition, not individual notes in a sons
19) Anna Freud studied child development emphasizing childhood as a unique and discrete period with its own crises.
20) Gestalt Qualitaten: when sensory elements are combined they form a new pattern which did not exist in any of the original stimuli.
21) Ebbinghaus was a German Psychologist who started the field in learning and memory. Best Known for his forgetting curves-you will forget 65% of what you learned after the first day of learning
22) Psychoanalysis was the 1st clinical system in psychology, which brought abnormal psychology into the field.
23) One of the Earliest Personality theories posed by Freud was the theory of seduction, which involved being molested early in life and later in life, being affected by that which was the reasoning behind abnormal behavior
24) Erik Erikson popularized childhood most influential book “childhood and society”
25) Kohler studied chimps and discovered the “aha” experience
26) Freud published his dream theories in “Interpretation of Dreams”
27) Anna Freud published her fathers last 8 works after her death
28) Erikson’s work greatly charged parenting, especially in America
29) Anna Freud laid the foundations for clinical social work and foster care
30) Gestalt psychologists say the way we organize perceptions alter them
31) Erik Erikson developed 8 stages of psy development. He was also interested in identity and identity crisis
32) Clinical psychology: investigates mental development of children. Witmer is considered the father of
33) What are the Gestalt Principles?
34) What does the study of Gestalt lead to?
35) Freud 1st main theory of seduction was scrutinized private dozent-students paid for services/teaching lessons at his home
36) Freud was the founder of Psychoanalysis. L Witmer wrote Clinical Psychology
37) Hugo Musterberg, although a student of Wundt expanded psychology into a less restricted field. Musterberg developed many new areas of psychology such as clinical applications, Forensic Psychology, and Industrial Psychology.
38) Freud developed idea of id, ego and superego
39) Erikson wrote “Childhood and Society”, which changed the ways in which people raised their children
40) Witmer: founded journal; “the Psychological Clinic” and made a case for establishment of a specialized field of psychology ie Clinical Psychology
41) Titchener wrote “A Primer of Psychology”
Founded Structuralism: focused on composition of the mind, mental elements ore structures
42) Wundt published “Contributions to theory of Sensory Perception” this is the
Founding of psychology
43) “obey at any cost” was Milgram’s research done in 1963 asking why people obey
authority
44)Psychoanalysis was vitally important to Clinical Psychology as we know it
History of Psychology
This information comes from the last two years of class class. I thought it might be helpful for you to have three years worth of review material!!!
STUDY!! :-) Dr. C
What implications are used for the Principle of Similarity? The way we drive and signal detection theory
Wo observed insight learning Kohler
What did Mach discover? Your mind organises notes into beautiful sounds and this organization created form quality vs. elements
Who was Clever Hans? A horse that could answer mathematical questions and give answers by tapping his hoof.
Who are gued to treat the mentally ill like human beings with rights in asylums? Pinel
What was William Tuke’s major contribution to the care of the mentally ill? Moral Treatment
Who rallied for state funded mental hospitals for the poor? Dorothea Dix
What happened in the 1950s to help mental ilness? The development of tharazine
Who thought we could remove the frontal lobe to reduce symptoms of mental illness? Egas Moniz
Kurt Lewin innovative applications of Gestalt psychology (social studies of psychology)
Anna Freud developed psychoanalytical therapy for kids, play therapy
Gall researched phrenology
Witmer founded first psychological clinic at the University of Pennsylvania
Dewey influenced American views of education- should be creative and lively- new idea
William James coined term “stream of consciousness
Kohler insight learning
Pope (the) in 1484 declared that witchcraft was caused by the devil
William James helped Ebbinghaus gain some credibility in psychology
K. Lewin contemporary of Koffka
Flourens started ablation in research
Kohler went to an island to study apes Mentality of Apes
Benussi demonstrated the phi phenomenon and the flea study
Ebbinghaus studied the effects of sleep on learning, material learned before bed was recalled easier
Lewin our actions have effects that go far beyond usMax Planckmeasurement for its’ own sake destroys science
Hippocrates gave treatment for the mentally ill
Galton developed studies of twins, traits, personality
Koffka First to publish book on Gestalt psychology in English
Kohler “We will do more lively things. We will study behavior”
Lewin Life space actions have effects that go far beyond us
Titchener brought structuralism to the U.S.
Fechner psychophysics: measurement of electrical direct currents
Koffka received his Ph.D. from Stumpf
Stumpf distinguished between phenomena and mental functions
Titchener founded Society of experimental Psychology
Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to test the limits of his mind
Joseph Daquin believed insanity was a disease which must be understood and treated by natural science
Cattell first to train in Wundt’s lab
Malleus Maleficarum a book on how to identify and exterminate witches (during the Inquisition)
Ebbinghaus first to talk about ways to measure intellectual ability
Wertheimer theory that the mind adds structure and meaning to incoming sensations
Broca centralized speech in the brain
Kohler “Mentality of Apes”
Kohler talked about the importance of insight learning
Wertheimer “Studies of the Perception of Movement”
Amy Lowrence
Watson coined the term behaviorism
Kulpe Army doctor/surgeon
William McDougall established a psych lab at the University of London, taught “moral philosophy”
Wertheimer phi phenomenon
Phillippe Pinel (1745-1826) if often described as the father of scientific psychiatry
Wertheimer 1912 published “The Studies of the Perception of Movement” This marked the beginning of Gestalt psychology
von Ehrenfels trained Wertheimer
von Ehrenfels gave methodology to Gestalt psychology (he wasn’t a psychologist
Victor Benussi flea studies that demonstrate the phi phenomena
Koffka wrote book in English about Gestalt psychology when in the U.S.
Wertheimer Wrote Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms
Koffka wrote “perception: An introduction to the gestalt theorie
Albert Einstein influenced Wertheimer- said you must pay attention to the environment of the observer, context
Lewin B=f(p,e) behavior is a function of the person and the environment
Mary Henle examined relationship between Gestalt psychology and Gestalt therapy
Franz Anton
Mesmer hypnosis
Mach positivist philosopher who came up with GESTALTQUALITATEN
Wertheimer discovered phi phenomenon
Lewin B= f(p,e)