Study Guide #3

 

4/7/03

1.      Darwin wrote “The Theory of Evolution”.

2.      Francis Galton wrote “The Art of Travel.”

3.      Herbert Spencer “Survival of the Fittest”

4.      Functionalism is the study of the function of the mind.

5.      Spencer believed that government should be hands off to promote Survival of the Fittest.

6.      Spencer and Social Darwinism-applying theories of evolution to societies for survival of the fittest.

7.      Francis Galton studied intelligence.

8.      Galton studied family histories to understand intelligence.

9.      In his book, “Heredity Genius,” Galton introduced the term nature vs. nurture.

10.  Galton founded science of Eugenics, later used as reasoning by the Nazi’s.

11.  Galton established 1st psychometric clinic.

12.  Galton believed and tested the link between intelligence and sensory detection.

13.  Eugenics is now out of favor due to its use by the Nazi’s.

14.  Galton discovered (named) correlation coefficient, median, and percentile all to describe data.

15.  Galton developed concept of mental tests.

16.  William James wrote “Principles of Psychology,” which was his most important contribution.

17.  Galton was the first to do studies using twins.

18.  Galton, with student Carl Pearson developed the correlation coefficient.

19.  Functionalism was a philosophical branch, which became a school of psychology.

20.  Darwin was interested in individual differences.  Individual differences were examined by functionalists, but rejected by structuralists.

21.  Galton was interested in the effects of prayer in quality of life.

22.  James is “Father of American Psychology” although he considered himself a philosopher.

23.  Pragmatist-Realist- How does this help me in everyday life?

24.  William James founded and directed the first psychology lab at Harvard.

25.  Central tenant of functionalism-consciousness exists to guide over survival, is a result of evolution, is irreduable.

26.  James coined the term “Stream of Consciousness”

27.  Galton set the stage for breakthrough by subsequent researchers in intelligence.

28.  James: Consciousness is a continuous stream and any attempt the divide it would distort it (against structuralism).

29.  In “Principles of Psychology,” which was very important the introductory psychology dealing with topics such as emotions, habits, attention, and the biology of psychological process.

30.  Mary Whiton Calkins was the first woman to ever become president of the American Psychological Association.

31.  Bandura’s study was a social learning theory with regard to aggression and non-aggressive behavior, related to modeling.

4/14/03

1.      Albert Bandura did the Bo-Bo doll experiment, which dealt with aggression.

2.      John Dewey is one of the founding fathers of functional psychology.

3.      John Dewey-known for reflex arc.

4.      Dewey founded a lab at Chicago in 1894.

5.      William James wrote “Principles of Psychology,” which took 12 years to complete, Among psychologists, the long version known as James, short Jimmy.

6.      Terman suggests that children's intelligence should determine whether the child should move forward in school, not the age of the child.  Each child learns at different rates and should be taught with that in mind.

7.      Two differences between James and Angell-1. Angell identifies himself as a psychologist, James never does. 2.  Angell proponent of functionalism as a school of thought, James wasn't because he said that making a school of thought was a restrictive on thought.

8.      Harvey Carr brought behavioristic prospective to functionalism, which ensured its survival as an approach or perspective.

9.      Angell's three themes of functionalism?

10.  Intelligence means to see within.

11.  Galton believed that intelligence was innate.

12.  Angell was an outspoken advocate of functionalism and its becoming well known.

13.  Intelligence includes 1.  learning from experience 2. adapting to one's environment, however few formal tests either of these ideas

14.  Galton helped to reintroduce the term "intelligence" into modern thinking.

15.  Spearman was the first to define intelligence as a general ability to see relationships within concepts.

16.  Carr replaced Watson as head of the dept. at the University of Chicago.

17.  Robert Woodworth focused on the possibility of Imageless thought.

18.  Binet defined intelligence as the ability to judge and reason well.

19.  Middle Ages-mentally ill ridiculed; Renaissance-attempts to improve man's condition; 1600's-1st mental asylums; Age of Reason-individual rights; 1800's-mass education.

20.  The movement for training was the era between 1800 and 1890 when society became aware of the slow learner, and believed education was the core for all people.

21.  Cattell devised the first mental test. Used to "Weed out" the mentally retarded.

22.  What was the difference between Binet and Galton's reasons for developing intelligence testing? Binet wanted to identify Mentally retarded to help specialize education techniques. Galton and Goodard wanted to identify and not waste resources.

23.  Darwin's theories concerning evolution and the like inspired intelligence testing.

24.  Era of Endictment-late 1800's-early 1900's-found that no matter what you did some people couldn't learn and education was not the cure.

25.  Reciprocal Inhibition = inability to have conflicting emotions.

26.  Reflex Arc = perception, movement, and response are one unit of behavior that doesn't end with the response; the response influences the future perceptions of stimuli and changes future responses.

27.  Carr interjected behavioristic ideas into functionalism, which allowed it to survive.

28.  Early 1900's-Cattell devised 1st intelligence test.

29.  Dewey says behavior does not end with the response.

30.  Systematic desensitization (Wolpe) is the treatment of choice for phobias and anxiety disorders.

 

 

4/21/03

  1. Lewis M. Terman did a revision of Binet-Simon intelligence test.  He studied 120 high IQ students by 1921.
  2. Lewis Terman was the developer of the first successful American Intelligence Test.
  3. In the 20th century, there was higher rate of children’s attendance at school causing the government to realize there was not enough money for education.
  4. Binet developed a test to measure mental age; it was not intended to measure intelligence.
  5. Goddard translated Binet’s French Scale into English.
  6. Cattell devised the first mental test.
  7. Galton thought that we should only educate the intelligent and discourage the mentally retarded from reproducing.
  8. Goddard studied the Kallikak family and determined mental retardation was heredity.  Nature not nurture.
  9. Through his work in advertising, John Watson increased the usage of Industrial/Organizational Psychological methods.
  10. Lewis Terman developed the IQ Quotient.
  11. The Intelligence Quotient as defined by Terman was (mental age/chronological age) multiplied by 100.
  12. For man decades the mentally ill (who were institutionalized) were forcefully sterilized to prevent them from reproducing.
  13. Henry Goddard’s most notable contribution to psychology was his translation of the Binet-Simon intelligence scale into English.
  14. Goddard helped write the 1st law requiring special education.
  15. Terman helped revise Binet-Simon test into Stanford-Binet, which is used today.
  16. The army a/b test assumed that literacy was independent of intelligence.
  17. John Watson is considered the founder of behaviorism.
  18. Binet’s test was intended to test intellectual development.
  19. The Kallikak’s family study: Famous investigators of inheritability of intelligence-Real story of genuine people.
  20. Terman designed the 1st US intelligence test.
  21. The average mental age of American on Army Alpha/Beta was 13.
  22. Steven Gould wrote A Nation of Morons, depicting many weak points of Army Alpha/Beta IQ test.
  23. In US-scientists believed intelligence was genetic and we should breed a superior group of people-eugenics
  24. Alpha/Beta IQ test was racially and culturally biased
  25. Weschler Intelligence Scale set out to cut out problems that arose in Army Test.
  26. Intelligence generally increases until mid-20’s and then plateaus.
  27. African Americans score 10-15 points less, a very big concern.
  28. Identical twins share about 50% of their IQ.

 

  1. 3 contemporary psychologists proposing difference cognitive perspectives on intelligence:
    1. Earl Hunt
    2. Robert Sternberg
    3. Howard Gardner
  2. Nurturance is important to some extent concerning IQ. A child in a bad home, when moved to a better home, shows improvement.
  3. David Weschler: Weschler Intelligence scale
  4. What is Zing-Yang Kuo best known for? (p.472).
  5. Goddard wrote the Kallikak family: A study of heredity of feeblemindedness in 1913.
  6. Spearman defined intelligence as general ability involving mainly the ability to see relations and correlates.

 

 

 

History

Study guide for final exam from last years class (2002)

 

1) Who developed t tests?  Fisher

2) What was the name of the family that Goddard studied?  The Kallikaks

3) Who transcribed Binet’s scale to English?  Goddard

4) What school of philosophy did behaviorism come from? Logical positivism

5) What form of conditioning did Pavlov display on his dogs? Classical

6) What theory can’t be falsified?> psychoanalytic

7) What is logical positivism? A shift in psychology’s scientific method that says theories have to have explanatory utility, are falsifiable, and can be directly observed and measured.

8) Who was interested in how people learn? R. Woodworth

9) established first psychometric lab in U.S.  Cattell

10) Who did not think we should talk about the mind or consciousness? Tolman

11) Who tried to find a test for mental retardation in schools? Binet

12) Who bought the rights to the Binet-Simon Intelligence test? Stanford

13) Who said that IQ tests are not reliable?  Wechsler

14) Tolman coined a term still used today which involves how a rat learns to find a food reward at the end of a maze Cognitive map

15) Who as the first president of APA? G. Sanley Halll

16) Who wnted to derive mathemaical formulas to predict behavior?  Clark Hull

17) Who is consider the father of radical behaviorism? Skinner

18) What were the two types of behavior addressed by Skinner?  1) respoent 2) operant

19) Where did Tolman and Skinner differ in their thoughts about behaviorism?  Skinner said no S-O_R

20) Who wrote A NEW Formula for Behaviorism? Tolman

21) When did behaviorism become most popular? WWII

22) What is every school of psychology based on?  Philosophy

23) Who wrote the book Behavior of Organisms? Skinner

24) Who discovered diffusion of resposibility?Darley an Latane

25) Who said the study of behavior should be molar?  Tolman

26) Who founded the Psychological Corporation? Cattell

27) Who was the first woman student allowed at Harvard?  Gertrude Stein

28) Who was interested in racial differences in learning and thought?  Woodworth

29) Who wanted to study individual differemces? Galton

30) Who really discovered conservation of matter?  Binet

31) Who formed the Eugenics Society in 1908? Goddard

32) Who is famous for his experiments with cats in a puzzle box?  Thorndike

33) Who brought Galton’s psychometric lab to America?  Catte;;

34) What is a contribution Darwin made to psychology besides histheory of evolution? He reported on his observations of children which influenced developmental psychology

35) Who were the eugenicists?  They thought intelligence was due to genetics (nature) instead of nurture.

36) Who sold his dog’s saliva? Pavlov

37) Who tested drugs on himself to test the effects?  Goddard

38) Who studied twins?  Goddard

39) Who set the standard for immigration at Ellis Island?  Goddard

40) Who coined the phraseental test”

41) What was Woodworth interested in? 1) transfer of training 2) racial differences in learning 3) imageless thought 4) motivation

42) Who wrote The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology that marked the beginning of functionalism?  Dewey

43) Who gave us the correlation coefficient?  Galton

44) What did Fisher’s t test answer?  If one group of people is significantly different from another group

45) What was the new psychology call that used logical positivism?  Operational behaviorism

46) What was the study of eminent families?  What were the results?

300 families were studied to see if the children of eminent families went on to be eminent themselves.  About 50% of sons of eminent fathers became eminent themselves.